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Criminology-unit 4 > AC 2.1-explain forms of social control > Flashcards

AC 2.1-explain forms of social control Flashcards

1
Q

What is social control?

A

Persuading/compelling individuals to conform to society’s expectations, norms and laws

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2
Q

What two forms of social control are there?

A

Internal and external

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3
Q

Define internal forms of social control

A

Behaviour that comes from within ourselves (personality and values) which is also a form of self control

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4
Q

How do internal forms of social control lead us to conform to the rules of society? (3 points)

A

1) Moral conscience or superego
2) Tradition and culture
3) Internalisation of social rules of morality

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5
Q

Which theory is associated with our moral conscience and who came up with it?

A

Freuds psychoanalytical theory

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6
Q

How does our moral conscience/superego socially control our behaviour as an internal form?

A

Our superego tells us what is right and wrong and inflicts feelings of guilt when we fail to satisfy its urges

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7
Q

How does our superego develop?

A

Through early socialisation within the family
Internalised parenting telling us how to behave

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8
Q

What is the superegos function?

A

Restrain the selfish animal urges of the id as this behaviour would lead us into performing anti-social and criminal behaviour

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9
Q

What does the superego allow us to exercise?

A

Self control and behave in socially acceptable ways

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10
Q

How do our traditions and cultures socially control our behaviour as an internal form?

A

The culture which we belong also becomes a part of us through socialisation

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11
Q

Give an example of how tradition and culture socially control our behaviour internally

A

Believers follow religious traditions they have been raised in eg. Muslims will fast during Ramadan and Jews celebrate Shabbat

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12
Q

How does internalisation of social rules and morality socially control our behaviour as an internal form?

A

We internalise society’s rules and moral code so it establishes our own personal rules and moral code
Rational ideology describes how we internalise social rules and use them to tell us what’s right and wrong, allowing us to keep within the law

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13
Q

Define external forms of social control

A

A form of external pressure is used to compel members of society to conform to its rules

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14
Q

How do external forms of social control lead us to conform to the rules of society? (4 points)

A

1) Agencies of social control
2) Criminal justice
3) Coercion
4) Fear of punishment

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15
Q

How do agencies socially control our behaviour as an external form?

A

They impose rules on us in an effort to make us behave in certain ways

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16
Q

Who are agencies of external social control?

A

Family, peer groups and the education system

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17
Q

Give an example of an agency socially controlling someone

A

Parents may send a naughty child to their room
Friends may shun someone who tell lies
Teachers sending disruptive students to detention

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18
Q

What are negative sanctions regarding agencies of social control?

A

Punishments

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19
Q

What are positive sanctions regarding agencies of social control?

A

Rewards

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20
Q

What theory are negative and positive sanctions based on and who came up with it?

A

Skinners operant learning theory of behaviour reinforcement

21
Q

How do punishments impose social control?

A

Punishments deter undesired behaviour

22
Q

How do rewards impose social control?

A

Rewards encourage acceptable behaviour

23
Q

How does the criminal justice system socially control our behaviour as an external form?

A

It controls several agencies of social control which have the power to use formal legal sanctions against individuals to make them conform

24
Q

What are the agencies of social control for the criminal justice system? (4 points)

A

The police
The CPS
Judges and magistrates
The prison service

25
Q

What is the power of the police in the criminal justice system?

A

To stop, search, arrest, detain and question suspects

26
Q

What is the power of the CPS in the criminal justice system?

A

Charge a suspect and prosecute them in court

27
Q

What is the power of judges and magistrates in the criminal justice system?

A

Bail the accused or remand them in custody
Sentence the guilty to a variety of punishments

28
Q

What is the power of the prison service in the criminal justice system?

A

Detain prisoners against their will for the duration of their sentence
Punish prisoners misbehaviour

29
Q

Give two examples of a positive sanction in the criminal justice system

A

Assisting the prosecution is likely to earn the offender a lower sentence
Good behaviour can earn prisoners more privileges eg. tv in their room

30
Q

How does coercion socially control our behaviour as an external form?

A

It involves the use/threat of force to make someone do/stop doing something

31
Q

What are examples of coercion in the criminal justice system?

A

Sending someone to prison for stealing which aims to prevent further offending

32
Q

How does fear of punishment socially control our behaviour as an external form?

A

Fear of punishment is a source of coercion as it involves the threat that force will be used if one is not abiding by the law eg. if you commit you will be charged and convicted

33
Q

What do right realists argue regarding fear of punishment as a form of social control?

A

The fear of being caught and punished is what ensures that many potential criminals continue to obey the law

34
Q

What does control theory ask?

A

Why do people obey the law?

35
Q

According to Travis Hirschi, why do people conform?

A

People are controlled by their bonds to society which prevent them from deviating

36
Q

According to Travis Hirschi, when do people deviate from social norms?

A

“Delinquent acts occur when an individuals bond to society is weak or broken”

37
Q

According to Travis Hirschi, what are the four elements of a persons bond to society?

A

1) Attachment
2) Commitment
3) Involvement
4) Beliefs

38
Q

Describe the attachment element of the control theory

A

We care more about a persons opinion the more attached we are to them as we want to respect their norms, therefore we are less likely to break them

39
Q

Describe the commitment element of the control theory

A

The more committed we are to a conventional lifestyle, the more we risk losing by getting involved in crime, therefore we are more likely to conform

40
Q

Describe the involvement element of the control theory

A

The more involved we are in law abiding activities, the less time and energy we will spend on being involved in criminal activates

41
Q

Describe the belief element of the control theory

A

If we have been socialised to believe it is right to obey the law then we are less likely to break it

42
Q

What did Gottfredson and Hirschi argue regarding parentings bonds?

A

Low self control is a cause of delinquency which results through poor socialisation and inconsistent/absent parental discipline

43
Q

What did Riley and Shaw argue regarding parental supervision?

A

Parents should involve themselves in their teens life, take an interest in what their teens do at school, how their teen spend times with friends and show a strong disapproval of criminal behaviour

44
Q

Why did Walter Reckless highlight the importance of socialisation?

A

Psychological tendencies can lead to criminality, though effective socialisation can provide ‘internal containment’ by building self control to resist the temptation to offend

45
Q

Why did Walter Reckless highlight the importance of parenting?

A

Parental discipline can provide an ‘external containment’ so we resist the temptation to offend

46
Q

How do feminists explain women’s low offending rates through the control theory?

A

A patriarchal society controls females more closely so it is harder for them to offend

47
Q

Give an example of why feminists say women’s offending rates are low

A

Women spend more time on domestic duties so they don’t have an opportunity to leave their homes and offend

48
Q

What did Pet Carlen find regarding women and low offending rates?

A

Women who offend have a failed attachment to parents because they had suffered abuse in the family or have been brought up in care

Criminology-unit 4 (10 decks)

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