AC 2.1 Flashcards
Types of social control
Internal -personalities, values
External - education, family
Examples of internal social control
-Freudian Theory
-Tradition/Culture
-Socialisation
-Internalisation
Freudian Theory
suggests human behaviour is influenced by unconscious memories, thoughts and urges.
Id: instincts
Ego: reality
Superego: morality
Tradition and Culture
relies mostly on informal social control embedded in its customary to socialise its members.
we accept our cultures values, norms and traditions as a part of our personality.
conforming is important in affirming ones identity and being accepted as a member of community.
Socialisation
the process of internalising the norms and ideals of society.
learn socialisation through four main agents which make up our socialisation:
-family
-schools
-peers
-mass media
Internalisation through…
Rational Ideology
rational ideology
people freely choose their behaviour and are motivated by the avoidance of pain and pursuit of pleasure.
assumes crime is personal choice, the result of individual decision making processes.
Types of internalisation and example
internalise all factors impacting on us to come up with our own idea of what is right or wrong
-family rules
-culture
-traditions
-parent values
Example: views on abortion could be impacted by religion
Types of external social control
Criminal Justice System
Coercion
Fear of Punishment
Control Theory
Agencies of external social control
controls over our behaviour through social agencies
-peers
-family
-school
Rewards and Punishments
rewards: those who conform
punishments: those who don’t conform
Rewards and Punishments: Family
R: treat, toy
P: naughty step
Rewards and Punishment: Peers
R: inclusion, want to be friends
P: exclusion, not invited
Rewards and Punishments: School
R: positive points, skip dinner queue
P: detention, isolation
The Criminal Justice System
Rewards and punishments are mirrored throughout
The Police R&P
enforce laws, stop and search, arrest, detention, question
CPS R&P
prosecute based on charge given
Judges & Magistrates R&P
sentencing, 1/3 off if telling truth, life sentence, worst crimes in society reflected in sentence, summary offences = community service, fine
Prison R&P
rewards: phone calls, visits, free time
sanctions: segregation
Coercion
forcing someone by method to do something or abstain from doing something against their will
Coercion Physical
bodily injury, imprisonment, death penalty
Coercion Non-violent
strike, boycott, non-cooperation
Coercion Prisons
use it and threat of loss of liberty
can be seen in suspended sentence with the continued threat of custody for future breaking the law
Fear of Punishment
Individual deterrence
General deterrence
Individual deterrence
punishments are imposed directly onto offenders in order to deter and prevent further crime
Individual deterence example
a suspended sentence or conditional discharge, where there are other more serious consequences for further offending
general deterrence
fear of punishment that prevents others from committing similar crime
general deterrence example
a lengthy prison sentence or heavy financial penalty allows others to see potential consequence and are deterred
prison as a deterrent
doesn’t work for some minorities such as homelessness as the alternative can be worse
policies that promote ‘getting tough on crime’
MANDATORY MINIMUMS: life sentence for murder, 7 years for a third drug offence, 3 years for third burglary
THREE STRIKES AND OUT: third conviction for a violent crime - likely to be life (USA)
Control theory
support the view that people require nurturing in order to develop attachments or bonds that are key in producing internal controls
Travis Hirschi theory
Social Bond Theory
social bond theory explained
people must form bonds to prevent criminal behaviour
these must be properly formed to prevent a person having a propensity to commit crime
individuals will behave because of their attachment to society
attachment
TO THE FAMILY
describes the strength of bonds and relationships that exist within an individuals social environment
commitment
TO SOCIALLY ACCEPTED NORMS
level of dedication invested in conventional standards and goals
involvement
IN ACTIVITIES
someone intensively involved in conventional activities has less time and opportunity to engage in deviant behaviour
belief
IN IMPORTANCE
belief in the validity of the values and norms of the mainstream society as the more they have been internalised the more difficult they are to violate
