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Pharm II > Abx > Flashcards

Abx Flashcards

1
Q

Prophylaxis

A

treating pts who are not yet infected or have developed the dz. (prevention of infection)

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2
Q

empiric therapy

A

drug/tx based solely on experience & relevant, clinical observational information including resistance patterns (unknown specifics about dz but you suspect a certain dz.)

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3
Q

definitive therapy

A

tx that is generally accepted as the specific cure of a disease (specific culture = target drug for organism)

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4
Q

normal flora

A

organisms that live symbiotically on/within host - rarely cause dz.

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5
Q

colonization

A

the process of a newly introduced microorganism that wins over normal flora

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6
Q

infection

A

invasion of the body by a pathogenic microorganism - reproduces and multiples - causes local cell injury, secretion of toxin, or antigen/antibody reaction in the host

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7
Q

superinfection

A

extreme proliferation of a parasitic organism during abx tx for a different infection (opportunistic)

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8
Q

contamination

A

infectious organism that is passed (virus) for one infected person to an object (and maybe on to another person)

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9
Q

bactericidal

A

substance that kills bacteria

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10
Q

bacteriostatic

A

agent that prevents growth of bacteria (bacteria cannot replicate)

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11
Q

MIC - minimum inhibitory concentration

A

the lowest concentration of Abx that INHIBITS bacterial growth
- effective antimicrobial tx needs to be greater than the MIC

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12
Q

MBC - minimum bactericidal concentration

A

minimum concentration of Abx that KILLS the bacteria of interest
- 99.9% decline in colony count at this concentration

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13
Q

Susceptible

A

An organism is called “susceptible” to drug when the infection czed by it is likely to respond to treatment w/ this drug, at the recommended dosage.

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14
Q

moderately susceptible

A

antibiotic that can be used for treatment at a higher dosage bc of its low toxicity or bc antibiotic is concentrated in the focus of infection (ex- urine

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15
Q

intermediate susceptibility

A

toxic antibiotic that can’t be used at a higher dosage

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16
Q

Resistant

A

term implies that organism is not expected to respond to a given drug, irrespective of the dosage & location of infection

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17
Q

Narrow spectrum

A

acts against a single or limited group of microorganisms (ie-isoniazid)

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18
Q

Extended spectrum

A

acts against gram Pos & some Gram Neg (ie- ampicillin)

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19
Q

Broad spectrum

A

ie- tetracycline, chloramphenicol

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20
Q

Bactericidal drugs

A

are those that kill target organisms, more aggressive & often chosen for critically ill.

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21
Q

Bacteriostatic drugs

A

inhibit or delay bacterial growth & replication at serum (or urine) levels, limiting spread of infection until body’s immune system can handle attack. (ex: tetracyclines, sulfonamides, & macrolides.

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22
Q

synergistic effect

A

the combination of two drugs is a GREATER effect than each of the drugs has individually (1+1=3)

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23
Q

additive effect

A

the combination of two drugs is EQUAL to the combined responses of the individual drugs if they were taken separately (1+1=2)

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24
Q

When to use combination therapy

A

1) tx before ID of organism is known
2) achieve synergistic effect
3) prevent the emergence of resistant organisms (bacteria becomes resistant to one drug, the other drug will kill it - preventing the emergence of resistant strains)
4) decrease dose-related toxicity - use smaller doses of multiple drugs rather than one large dose of one drug
5) tx polymicrobial infections (gram +/- etc.)

25
Q

Aminoglycosides - what are the drugs

A

“cin”
streptomycin
gentamicin (Garamycin)
neomycin

26
Q

Aminoglycosides - what are they used for

A

gram negative bacteria - serious infections

27
Q

Aminoglycosides - what are the severe adverse effects?

A

nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity

28
Q

Aminoglycosides - MOA

A

inhibit ribosomal function -> interrupts bacterial protein synthesis

29
Q

B-Lactams - MOA

A

contain penicillin-binding protein - interfere with cell wall development (leaky cell wall) - osmotic imbalance -> bacteria swell and lysis

30
Q

What Abx’s inhibit cell wall synthesis?

A

B-Latams (Penicillin, Cephalosporins)
Monobactam
Carbapenems
Vancomycin

31
Q

Penicillin’s - what are the drugs

A 
'icillin': 
penicillin G 
penicillin VK (Pen VK) 
ampicillin (Omnipen) 
amoxicillin (Amoxil)
32
Q

Penicillin’s - what are the adverse effects

A

diarrhea, nephritis, neurotoxicity, hematologic toxicity, cation ion toxicity
(contraindication - hypersensitivity)

33
Q

Penicillin’s - black box warning

A

no IV use - cardiac arrest / death

34
Q

Cephalosporins - MOA

A

same as Penicillin’s
contain penicillin-binding protein - interfere with cell wall development (leaky cell wall) - osmotic imbalance -> bacteria swell and lysis

35
Q

Cephalosporins - what are the drugs

A

Ceph or Cef :
1st gen. - Cephalexin (Keflex), Cefazolin (Ancef)
2nd gen. - Cefuroxime (Ceftin), Cefaclor (Ceclor)
3rd gen. - Ceftriaxone (Rocephin), Cefixime (Suprax)
4th gen. - Cefepime (Maxipime)

36
Q

Cephalosporins - what are they used for

A

1st gen. +++ / - (skin, respiratory)
2nd gen. ++ / – (b fragilis)
3rd gen. +/ — (p. aeruginosa, meningitis)
4th gen. +++/— (strong p. aeruginosa)

37
Q

Cephalosporins - adverse effects

A

anaphylatic, Stevens Johnson syndrome, (same pen allergy - should be avoided)

38
Q

Monobactam - what drug, what does it do

A

Aztreonam
- Only works against gram negative aerobes - (p. aeruginosa)
(use in combo with other drugs to hit anarobes (metronidazole) and gram + (erythro or pen)

39
Q

Carbapenems - what drug, what does it do

A

Imipenem

  • broad spectrum - use with severe infections
  • oral - only used w/ c. diff patients
40
Q

Protein Synthesis Inhibitors - MOA

A

targets smaller bacterial ribosome (70S)

mammalian ribosome close in size - need to be careful with dosing - tetracyclines may cause toxic effects

41
Q

Vancomycin - what drug, what does it do

A

Vancocin
MRSA - IV only C. diff - Oral only
Prophylatic - pts with heart valves - for prosthetic replacements - @ risk for MRSA

42
Q

Macrolides - what drugs

A

Azithromycin
Clarithromycin
Erythomycin

43
Q

Macrolides - what is it used for

A

Gram positive
Good alternative for Pen allergies
Good for unusual infections - Legionella, Chlamydia, C. pneumonia, M. pneumonia

44
Q

Macrolides - adverse effects

A

QT prologation

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

45
Q

Quinolones - MOA

A

interferes w/ DNA replication by inhibiting DNA topspmerase II

46
Q

Quinolones- what drugs

A

ciprofloxacin

norfloxacin

47
Q

Quinolones - what it does

A

broad spectrum - good for atypical respiratory infections

good alternative for aminoglycosides

48
Q

Quinolones - adverse effects

A

diarrhea, nausea, headache, dizziness, nephrotoxicity

49
Q

Quinolones - drug interactions

A

can raise serum levels (by inhibiting metabolism) of Theophylline, Warfarin, Cyclosporine

50
Q

Ciprofloxacin

A 
Good for:
p. Aeruginosa
cystic fibrosis pts. w/ infections 
Anthrax - prophylaxis post-exposure 
travelers diarrhea
51
Q

Norfloxacin

A

Good for:
UTI
prostatitis

52
Q

Folate Antagonist (Sulfa) - MOA

A

inhibits folate synthesis - without folate, cells can’t grow or divide

53
Q

Sulfonamides - drugs

A

trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Cotrimoxazole)

54
Q

trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Cotrimoxazole) - use

A

broader spectrum - UTI’s and Respiratory infections

p. Jiroveci pneumonia (AIDS), salmonella

55
Q

Anaerobic Agents

A

Chloramphenicol - broad spectrum, highly toxic, Typoid and Haemophilusinfluenza
Clindomycin - gram positive, Concentrated in bone - good for staph infections in joints/bone, B. fragilis
Metronidazole - gram negative and protazoa, trichomonal vaginitis, bacterial vaginosis, entamoeba, giardia, gyn sepsis

56
Q

Anti viral - Nucleoside Analogs

A

Acyclovir/Valacyclovir - Herpes I and II and varicella

Ribavirin - RSV and Hep C

57
Q

Anti viral - Protease Inhibitor

A

Indinavir/Saquinavir - HIV (combo therapy)

58
Q

Anti viral - Others

A

Amantadine - Influenza A, Parkinson’s
Interferon - Hep B and C, HPV, hair leukemia, kaposis sarcoma
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) - influenza A (caution with immunocompromised)

59
Q

Anti Parasitic

A

Lindane (Kwell) - head lice, scabies, crabs
Permethrin (Elimite) - single app. head lice, scabies
Pyrethrins (RID) - lice (body, head, pubic and eggs)
Metronidazole (Flagyl) - amoebic infectons, giardia, trichomonas vaginalis, c. diff
Mebendazole (Vermox) - Nematodes

Pharm II (5 decks)

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