ABSITE - Thoracic

Question 1

Where does the azygous v. run?

Answer 1

along the R side

Question 2

Where does the azygous v. empty?

Answer 2

into the SVC

Question 3

At what level does the thoracic duct cross midline?

Answer 3

T4-5

Question 4

what side does the thoracic duct run along?

Answer 4

R side

Question 5

What doest he thoracic duct empty into?

Answer 5

L subclavian v. @ junction w/ IJV

Question 6

Phrenic n. - ant or posterior to hilum?

Answer 6

anterior

Question 7

Vagus n. - ant or posterior to hilum?

Answer 7

posterior

Question 8

R lung lobes?

Answer 8

RUL, RML, RLL

Question 9

L lung lobes

Answer 9

LUL, LLL, lingula

Question 10

L lung lobes vs R lung lobes - total lung volume

Answer 10

R ~55%; L ~45%

Question 11

what are the accessory mm of respiration?

Answer 11

SCM, levators, serratus posterior, scalenes

Question 12

function of type 1 pneumocytes

Answer 12

gas exchange

Question 13

function of type 2 pneumocytes

Answer 13

surfactant production (phosphatidylcholine, which keeps alveoli open)

Question 14

what are pores of kahn?

Answer 14

they allow direct air exchange btwn alveoli

Question 15

what is the S phase?

Answer 15

protein synthesis, chromosomal duplication

Question 16

What are the phases of the cell cycle?

Answer 16

G1, S, G2, M

Question 17

What are the phases of mitosis?

Answer 17

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Question 18

Prophase

Answer 18

centromere attachment, centriole and spindle formation, nucleus disappears

Question 19

metaphase

Answer 19

chromosome alignment

Question 20

anaphase

Answer 20

chromosomes separate

Question 21

telophase

Answer 21

separate nucleus reforms around each set of chromosomes

Question 22

G1

Answer 22

growth factors affect cell during G1

Question 23

What is G0 of cell cycle?

Answer 23

cells are quiescent; can enter G1

Question 24

Steroid hormones

Answer 24

bind receptors in the cytoplasm

Question 25

thyroid hormones

Answer 25

bind receptors in nucleus

Question 26

DNA PCR

Answer 26

use oligonucleotides to amplify specific DNA sequences

Question 27

Purines

Answer 27

A,G (adenine, guanine)

Question 28

Pyrimidines

Answer 28

C,T,U (RNA only) (cytosine, thymidine, uracil)

Question 29

What binds guanine and cytosine?

Answer 29

3 Hydrogen bonds

Question 30

What binds adenine to thymidine/uracil?

Answer 30

2 hydrogen bonds

Question 31

Glycolysis generates ____ from 1 glucose molecule

Answer 31

2 ATP and 2 pyruvate molecules

Question 32

Krebs/citric acid cycle produces ___ from ____

Answer 32

NADH and FADH2 from 2 pyruvate molecules (electron transport molecules)

Question 33

1 glucose produces __ ATP

Answer 33

~36

Question 34

what is gluconeogenesis?

Answer 34

process of lactate (via Cori cycle) and amino acids (especially alanine) are converted to glucose; activates during starvation and stress times

Question 35

Fat and lipids are not available for gluconeogenesis because ___

Answer 35

acetyel CoA (product of fat metabolism) can’t be converted back to pyruvate

Question 36

what is the Cori cycle?

Answer 36

liver converts muscle lactate into glucose; pyruvate is a key player in this process

Question 37

which signalling pathways utilize 2nd messengers?

Answer 37

Phospholipase C, protein kinase A, MAPK/ERK pathway

Question 38

Protein kinase C pathway is activated by …

Answer 38

Calcium, DAG

Question 39

Protein kinase A is activated by…

Answer 39

cAMP