ABSHD Flashcards
List 3 examples for each factor included in the biopsychosocial model.
Bio- physiology, genetics, pathegons
Psycho- cognition, emotion, behaviour
Social- social support, employment, social class
What are Lays beliefs?
Lays beliefs are how non-specialist people make sense and understand of health and illness. It is very complex as it is drawn from many sources: social group, culture, beliefs, knowledge, experience. Medical information may be rejected if it is not compatible with Lays beliefs.
Describe a positive definition of health.
Health is a state of wellbeing and fitness.
Describe a negative definition of health.
Health equates to the absence of illness.
Describe a functional definition of health.
Health is the ability to do certain things.
What are the influences do Lay beliefs have on behaviour
Health behaviour- activity undertaken for purpose of maintaining health and preventing illness
Illness behaviour- activity of an ill person to define illness and seek solution
Explanations of health inequalities
- Artefact
- Social selection explanation
- Behaviour-cultural explanation
- Materialist explanation
- Psychosocial explanation
- Income distribution
What patterns of access to healthcare do lower socioeconomic groups present?
Higher rates of use: GP services, emergency services - these are easily accessed
Lower rates of use: preventative services, specialist services - unable to mobilise resources to access these, negative perception of health
What are the sociological and psychological impacts of long term conditions?
Biographical/narrative work- reconstruction of self image
Illness work - symptom management and treatment
Identity work - work to maintain acceptable identity + avoid stigma
Everyday life work - managing daily living
Emotional work - managing ones own and others emotions
What are the different types of stigma?
Discreditable stigma-nothing seen but if found…
Discredited stigma-physically visible characteristic
Enacted stigma-prejudice,discrimination and disadvantage experience
Felt stigma- fear of enacted stigma and feeling of shame
What is health related quality of life?
The functional effect of an illness and its consequent therapy from a patients perspective. It is multi-dimensional involving physical, social and psychological factors.
What are the two categories of measuring health related quality of life.
General eg. SF-36, EQ-5D
Specific based on disease, site or dimension eg. Oxford hip score
What are the different types of coping?
- Emotion-focused coping - behavioural approach, cognitive approach
- Problem-focused coping - reduce demands of stressful situation, mobilise resources to deal with stressful situation
How can you aid coping in patients?
Help them to mobilise social support
Increase personal control eg. CBT
Prepare patients for stressful events in uncertainty
What is the difference between anxiety and depression?
Anxiety is response to a threat whereas depression is response to loss, hopelessness or failure. Anxiety occurs in the form of panic attacks, obsessive compulsive behaviour or generalised anxiety whereas depression occurs in the form of insomnia/hypersomnia, decreased interest and pleasure in activities, loss of appetite etc.
What are the barriers to identifying psychological difficulties?
Symptoms may be unintentionally missed by associating them with co-existing conditions
Patients may not disclose symptoms
Healthcare professionals may avoid asking
How do normal human cognitive functions lead to stereotypical thinking?
We store memories and organise knowledge as schemata according to the cognitive model of psychology. This is energy saving and useful most of the time but overlooks individuality.
What is prejudice?
Pre-judgement about an individual usually based on negative stereotypes.
What is discrimination?
Behaving differently with individuals due to their social group.
How can you avoid reliance on stereotypes?
Avoid being fatigued and overloaded with information
Get to know people from other social groups
Reflective practice
What is the role of culture in service presentation?
The way an individual understands symptoms and behaviour
The way an individual perceives mental health problems
The services in healthcare that an individual believes are acceptable and will access
Treatment and management strategies they find acceptable
What is the difference between transgender and transsexual?
Transgender individuals identify and fulfil life as a gender opposite to their birth gender whereas transsexual individuals have a consistent desire to transition to another sex. Some transsexual individuals undergo gender reassignment.
What is the difference between gender identity and gender expression?
Gender identity is an individual’s internal perception of their gender. Gender expression is the way in which a person lives in society and interacts with others.
