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Integrated Resource Plan > Abraham > Flashcards

Abraham Flashcards

Renewable Energy Fiinance

1
Q

2 types of utilization of solar PV resources

A
  1. Distributed and
  2. Utility-scale
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2
Q

DER

A

Distributed Energy Resources

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3
Q

Why is the inverter the heart of every PV plant?

A
  1. It converts direct current of the PV modules into grid-compliant alternating current and feeds this into the public grid.
  2. At the same time, it controls and monitors the entire plant. This way, it ensures on the one hand that the PV modules always operate at their radiation- and temperature-dependent maximum power. On the other, it continually monitors the power grid and is responsible for the adherence to various safety criteria.
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4
Q

Primary objective of the IRP process

A

To perform a holistic evaluation of quantitative and qualitative factors with respect to alternative fuels, power supply-side resources and demand-side resources leading to a preferred plan

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5
Q

A reciprocating engine

A

Uses one or more pistons in order to convert pressure into rotational motion.

They use the reciprocating (up-and-down) motion of the pistons to translate this energy. There are many different types, including

  1. the internal combustion engine which is used in most motor vehicles,
  2. the steam engine which is a type of external combustion engine, and
  3. the Stirling engine. A rotary engine would do the same task as reciprocating engine but in a very different manner due to its triangular rotor.
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6
Q

Balance of plant (BOP)

A

A term generally used in the context of power engineering to refer to all the supporting components and auxiliary systems of a power plant needed to deliver the energy, other than the generating unit itself.

These may include transformers, inverters, supporting structures etc., depending on the type of plant.

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7
Q

BESS

A

BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM

FOR GRID STABILIZATION

Today’s and futures power grids are characterised by a high share of renewable energy sources. This leads to a massive fluctuating power injection, which needs to be balanced by battery energy storage.

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8
Q

BSSR-Battery support for spinning reserve

A

To provide effective spinning reserve, the energy storage system is maintained at a level of charge ready to respond to a generation or transmission outage.

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9
Q

Load leveling

A
  • Load leveling usually involves storing power during periods of light loading on the system and delivering it during periods of high demand.
  • During these periods of high demand, the energy storage system supplies power, reducing the load on less economical peak-generating facilities. Load leveling allows for the postponement of investments in grid upgrades or in new generating capacity.
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10
Q

Peak shaving

Who owns peak shaving installtions?

A
  • Peak shaving is similar to load leveling, but may be for the purpose of reducing peak demand rather than for economy of operation.
  • The goal is to avoid the installation of capacity to supply the peaks of a highly variable load. Energy storage provides fast response and emission-free operation, making it the optimal solution for this application.

Peak shaving installations are often owned by the electricity consumer, rather than by the utility.

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11
Q

Capacity firming

A

The variable, intermittent power output from a renewable power generation plant, such as wind or solar, can be maintained at a committed level for a period of time.

The energy storage system smoothes the output and controls the ramp rate (MW/min) to eliminate rapid voltage and power swings on the electrical grid.

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12
Q

Frequency regulation

A
  • Intermittent power generation from renewables and other sources, along with variable loads cause deviations from nominal frequency in the grid.
  • Energy storage systems are an attractive way to restore the balance between supply and demand, featuring rapid response and emission-free operation. The energy storage system is charged or discharged in response to an increase or decrease of grid frequency and keeps it within pre-set limits.
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13
Q

Power Quality

A
  • While the demand for high-quality power has grown with the digital economy and the proliferation of sensitive electronic equipment and microprocessor-based controls, investments in many electrical grids around the world have not kept pace, making them ever more susceptible to disturbances such as voltage sags and short supply interruptions.
  • Offering accurate and rapid response, energy storage systems improve power quality and protect downstream loads against short-duration disturbances in the grid, affecting their operation.
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14
Q

A combined-cycle power plant

A

A combined-cycle power plant uses both a gas and a steam turbine together to produce up to 50 percent more electricity from the same fuel than a traditional simple-cycle plant. The waste heat from the gas turbine is routed to the nearby steam turbine, which generates extra power.

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15
Q

CCHP – COMBINED COOLING, HEAT & POWER

A

CCHP – COMBINED COOLING, HEAT & POWER

  • Combined cooling, heat & power (CCHP), also known as trigeneration, is an extension of combined heat & power (CHP). While CHP only generates electricity and heat, CCHP adds cooling (air conditioning) to the list. In other words, trigeneration or CCHP means some of the heat that is produced is also used to generate cooling energy.
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16
Q

Distillate fuel oil

A

Fuel oil is used for power generation.CUC uses FO

A general classification for one of the petroleum fractions produced in conventional distillation operations.

It includes diesel fuels and fuel oils.

  1. Products known as No. 1, No. 2, and No. 4 diesel fuel are used in on-highway diesel engines, such as those in trucks and automobiles, as well as off-highway engines, such as those in railroad locomotives and agricultural machinery.
  2. Products known as No. 1, No. 2, and No. 4 fuel oils are used primarily for space heating and electric power generation.
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17
Q

Conservation and Energy efficiency

A

Conservation is different from Energy efficiency

Conservation at the expense of comfort

Contrast with energy efficiency

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18
Q

CT

A

Combustion Turbine or Gas Trubine

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19
Q

Dual Fuel

A

Fuel Oil or NG

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20
Q

Distributed Generation

A

Typically avoid transmission cost

Examples include

  1. Rrooftop solar generation and
  2. CCHP/CHP units that serve a single load;
  3. DG resources typically avoid transmission cost associated with traditional large scale grid-based resources.
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21
Q

Demand Response

A

Demand response is a change in the power consumption of an electric utility customer to better match the demand for power with the supply.

Demand response seeks to adjust the demand for power instead of adjusting the supply.

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22
Q

DSM

A

Demand Side Management;

An umbrella of measures, programs, and incentives that attempt to control energy demand in lieu of serving that demand with generating resources that are grid connected in the traditional centrally controlled utility framework; the key components of DSM include

  • demand response,
  • energy efficiency, and
  • conservation
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23
Q

EE

EV

A

Energy efficiency, for example use LED lights

Electric Vehicle

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24
Q

EPC Projects and EPC Contractors

A

The engineering and construction contractor will carry out the detailed engineering design of the project, procure all the equipment and materials necessary, and then construct to deliver a functioning facility or asset to their clients. Companies that deliver EPC Projects are commonly referred to as EPC Contractors.

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25
Q

FEED

A

Front-end engineering design is early and basic design, to accurately discover what resources will be needed.

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26
Q

Battery Storage Costs

A

Costs for battery storage technologies depend on technical characteristics such as the power capacity and energy capacity of a system.

The discussion of costs can be divided into three main categories based on the nameplate duration of the battery storage system, which is the ratio of nameplate energy capacity to nameplate power capacity.

  1. Short-duration battery storage systems refer to systems with less than 0.5 hours of nameplate duration.
  2. The medium-duration battery storage category includes systems with nameplate durations ranging between 0.5 hours –2.0 hours,
  3. The long-duration category includes all systems with more than 2.0 hours of nameplate duration.
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27
Q

Fuel cell

A

A fuel cell produces electricity through a chemical reaction, but without combustion. It converts hydrogen and oxygen into water, and in the process also creates electricity. It’s an electro-chemical energy conversion device that produces electricity, water, and heat.

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28
Q

HHV & LHV

A

Lower heating value. The quantity known as lower heating value (LHV) (netcalorific value (NCV) or lower calorific value (LCV)) is determined by subtracting the heat of vaporization of the water from the higher heating value. …

The energy required to vaporize the water therefore is not released as heat.

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29
Q

HRSG

A

An energy recovery heat exchanger that recovers heat from a hot gas stream. It produces steam that can be used in a process (cogeneration) or used to drive a steam turbine (combined cycle).

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30
Q

IPP

A

IPP is not a public utility

An independent power producer (IPP) or non-utility generator (NUG) is an entity, which is not a public utility, but which owns facilities to generate electric power for sale to utilities and end users.

NUGs may be privately held facilities, corporations, cooperatives such as rural solar or wind energy producers, and non-energy industrial concerns capable of feeding excess energy into the system.

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31
Q

CFL (Compact Fluorescent Light) lifespan

A
  • Lighting technology Estimated lifespan*
  • LED 25,000-50,000 hours
  • CFL 8,000-15,000 hours
  • Halogen1,000-5,000 hours
  • Incandescent1,000 hours
32
Q

LPG (also called autogas) and LNG

A
  1. LPG mixes propane (C3H8) and Butane (C4H10). LNG is CH4
  2. LPG compressed into liquid stored typically 5-7 bars, LNG is supercooled (cryogenic) Liquid
  3. LPG is denser than air (1.5:1), LNG is lighter (0.6:1)
  4. LPG produces more energy, 1 cu.ft. produces 2516 Btu, LNG produces 1030 Btus.
  5. For proper combustion, LPG air to gas ratio of 25:1, for LNG, it is 10:1
  6. Both are fossil fuel
33
Q

LOLH

A

Loss-of-Load Hours (LOLH) This is generally defined as the expected number of hours per year when a system’s hourly demand is projected to exceed the generating capacity.

34
Q

NEL

A

Net Energy for Load

Means net generation of an electric system plus energy received from others less energy delivered to others through interchange.

It includes system losses but excludes energy required for the storage of energy at energy storage facilities.

35
Q

OEM

A

Original Equipment Manufacturer

36
Q
  1. The essential facilities doctrine
  2. Uniquely favourable asset
  3. Swiss challenge
A
  1. In general, it refers to a type of anti-competitive behavior in which a firm with market power uses a “bottleneck” in a market to deny competitors entry into the market. It is closely related to a claim for refusal to deal.
  2. Uniquely favourable asset—a fixed asset that is much lower cost than alternatives, has much lower environmental or social impacts than alternatives, or both
  3. A competitive bidding process in which the firm that proposes a project is allowed to match the winning bid, if the firm that proposes the project does not win the initial bid
37
Q

Prices to build a conventional LNG tanker of about 160,000-cbm

A

Around $200 million or more

38
Q

Discount Rate

A
  1. Nominal cash flows should be discounted at nominal cost of capital and real cash flows should be discounted at real cash flows.
  2. The discount rate is an important factor in determining the optimal expansion plan due to the manner in which costs of the generation technologies are reflected in the modeling.
  3. The nominal WACC of 10% (real WACC of 8%) for this study was derived using the Fisher Formula using a nominal WACC of 10% and an expected inflation of 2%.
39
Q

Overnight cost of capital

A

When comparing the cost of building different types of electrical plants, firms will use various methods.

For quick comparisons, firms will look at what the cost of building a plant overnight would be or the overnight cost of capital.The overnight cost is a very simple way to compare the cost of different plants.

A more accurate measure of the total cost is the levelized cost of energy because it takes into account the time over which the plant will be built and operate.

40
Q

So what exactly is an IRP?

A

Is a long-term expansion plan(20 to 30 years)»

Considers all resources

Supply-side:

  • Electricity generating technologies

Demand-side:

  • Energy efficiency or other measures which modify consumer demand

Identifies the ‘optimum’ electricity expansion plan to meet future national electricity requirements in an affordable and reliable manner.

41
Q

Power Batteries and Energy Batteries

A

‘Power batteries’ are batteries that are good at ramping up quickly to meet a heavy electrical load. They can do this job even in situations where there is no need for large amounts of stored energy – for example in ‘solar smoothing‘ applications or for grid-connect solar systems that want a battery bank to help them meet their evening electrical demand. Lithium-ion batteries are the most commonly-used example of batteries that are good for power applications.

Tesla’s Powerwall is often described as a ‘power battery’

‘Energy batteries’ are batteries that are good at storing a lot of energy, but may not necessarily have high instantaneous power output – or may suffer from performance degradation if ramped up too frequently and too quickly. Even with a lot of energy inside, these batteries may not be able to release it quickly to meet spiking electricity demand in your home unless they are wired up together to pool their collective power output. These types of batteries are generally well-suited for off-grid / stand-alone power systems, partial off-grid solar systems and grid backup applications.

Lead-acid batteries are the most common example, but Aquion’s ‘saltwater’ AHI batteries have similar characteristics.

Aquion’s AHI battery is frequently described as an ‘energy battery’.

42
Q

Curtailment

A

Curtailment is a reduction in the output of a generator from what it could otherwise produce given available resources, typically on an involuntary basis. Curtailment of generation has been a normal occurrence since the beginning of the electric power industry. However, owners of wind and solar generation, which have no fuel costs, are concerned about the impacts of curtailment on project economics. Operator-induced curtailment typically occurs because of transmission congestion or lack of transmission access, but it can occur for a variety of other reasons, such as excess generation during low load periods, voltage, or interconnection issues. Market-based protocols that dispatch generation based on economics can also result in wind and solar energy plants generating less than what they could potentially produce.

43
Q

LOLE

A

LOLE represents the number of hours per annum in which, over the long-term, it is statistically expected that supply will not meet demand

The most common reasons for curtailment are insufficient transmission and local congestion and excessive supply during low load periods.

LOLE values are generally deduced from a much longer term average. The 3 hours on average per year LOLE standard in France for instance is derived from a calculation that predicts a 30 hour disruption every ten years. To put the LOLE standards into perspective, even the most relaxed standard currently applied in Europe, of 8 LOLE-hours per year, translates into a system security level of 99.90% - i.e. 99.9% of the time no one will be involuntarily disconnected.

44
Q

What is the difference between a piston engine and a gas turbine engine?

A

Piston, or reciprocating engines convert pressure into rotating motion using pistons,

A gas turbine engine, or a combustion turbine, uses the pressure from the exploding fuel to turn a turbine and produce thrust.

The piston engine focuses on creating rotational motion while the turbine engine creates linear motion through thrust.

45
Q

Power Rating vs Energy rating of Batteries

A

The important difference is that, unlike the PV system, battery systems are designed to maximize either the power rating or the energy rating, depending on their intended use.

  • MwH to avoid curtailment of Renewable generation
  • Mw to provide quick-responding frequency regulation

Deployment of grid-scale energy storage has shifted from a focus on systems with high energy ratings (MWh) to avoid curtailment of renewable generation, to systems with higher power ratings (MW) to provide quick-responding frequency regulation in the PJM market.

46
Q

Energy storage technolgies

  1. Front-of-the-meter and
  2. Behind-the-meter applications
A

In contrast to technologies for generation, which have a single application (i.e., the generation of electricity), energy storage technologies serve a variety of use cases, including

  1. front-of-the-meter (e.g., supply of reserve power, black start support, dispatchable PV) and
  2. behind-the-meter applications (e.g., increase of self-consumption, peak shaving).

Each use case requires different operating parameters which affect the costs and each technology optimizes into these parameters differently according to its relative strengths and weaknesses.

47
Q

Avoided cost of non-dispatchable sources

A

Determination of avoided costs of non-dispatchable source

The US Energy Information Administration has recommended that levelized costs of non-dispatchable sources such as wind or solar may be better compared to the avoided energy cost rather than to the LCOE of dispatchable sources such as fossil fuels or geothermal.

48
Q

Battery duration

A

Long (4 hour storage duration) and

Short duration (30 minute)

49
Q

Curtailment

A

A reduction in the output of a generator from what it could otherwise produce given available resources (e.g., wind or sunlight), typically on an involuntary basis. Curtailments can result when operators or utilities command wind and solar generators to reduce output to minimize transmission congestion or otherwise manage the system or achieve the optimal mix of resources.

50
Q

When does curtailmet typically occur?

A

Curtailment of wind and solar resources typically occurs because of transmission congestion or lack of transmission access, but it can also occur for reasons such as excess generation during low load periods that could cause baseload generators to reach minimum generation thresholds, because of voltage or interconnection issues, or to maintain frequency requirements, particularly for small, isolated grids.

51
Q

What is curtailment used for?

A

Curtailment is one among many tools to maintain system energy balance, which can also include grid capacity, hydropower and thermal generation, demand response, storage, and institutional changes. Deciding which method to use is primarily a matter of economics and operational practice.

52
Q

Rankine cycle

A
  • The Rankine cycle closely describes the process by which steam-operated heat engines commonly found in thermal power generation plants generate power.
  • Power depends on the temperature difference between a heat source and a cold source. The higher the difference, the more mechanical power can be efficiently extracted out of heat energy, as per Carnot’s theorem.
53
Q
A
54
Q
A
55
Q

1 Mw equals now many homes

A

1000 homes

1000*24*30=72000

72000/1000=720

56
Q

What is the first thing experts recommend customers do when they want to use electricity in a way that protects the environment?

A

seek ways to become energy efficient

57
Q

What are the 4 main storage categories?

A
  1. Mechanical (Pumped Hydro)
  2. Thermal (Ice)
  3. Electric (super conductors)
  4. Chemical (Batteries)
58
Q

Load Duration Curve

A

X-axis has the 8760 hours in th year.

Y axis has Load in MWs.

59
Q

VOLL

A

The unscheduled failure to provide service to customers is very costly. The value of that foregone service is called the Value of Lost Load or VOLL

60
Q

Demand Management and Demand Response

A

Both demand management and demand response are intended to reflect customer willingness to have service interrupted in exchange for some monetary compensation.

61
Q

Peak Shaving and

Energy Arbitrage

A

Peak shaving involves supplying energy at those moments in the day when the system is straining to provide enough generation. If storage can shift even a small amount of power just a small amount of time, it may help prevent a loss of load event, or it may substitute for expensive investments in generating capacity that would otherwise be needed to prevent the event.

When most people think of storage, they often think of longer term energy arbitrage:buying power in hours when demand is low and power is cheap, and selling power when load is high and power is expensive.

62
Q
A
63
Q
A

Generation Service

  1. regulaa
  2. ing reserves black start peak shaving energy arbitrage / energy firming Transmission & Distribution Service back?up power peak shaving Time Scale Seconds Minutes Minutes/Hour Hours/Days Minutes/Hou
64
Q

The main economic principles underlying the three major decisions about generation on an electric system:

A
  • capacity investment,
  • unit commitment,and
  • generator dispatch.
65
Q

Capacity market different from Energy Market

A

Capacity Markets

Capacity represents the need to have adequate generating resources to ensure that the demand for electricity can be met at all times. In a capacity market the utility or other electricity supplier are required to have enough resources to meet its customers’ demand plus a reserve amount. Suppliers can meet that requirement with generating capacity they own, with capacity purchased from others under contract, or with capacity obtained through market auctions.

Regional transmission organizations (RTOs) or independent system operators (ISOs) are organizations in their respective regions that ensure that adequate resources are available to reliably generate and transmit electricity so that there is enough power supply to meet the demand. As part of this of this process, the RTOs/ISOs in several electricity markets make payments to power generators for their available capacity—independent of the cost of the energy produced. These payments provide an incentive for generators to locate in that market and they help guarantee that there will be sufficient generation to meet the maximum energy requirements of the market at all times.

In order to fund the capacity payments to generators, the ISOs and RTOs manage the process of selling capacity—which is typically done through an auction conducted by the ISO/RTO—to energy suppliers and load serving entities (LSEs), like Direct Energy Business, based on the customer loads they serve within those markets.

66
Q
A
67
Q
A
68
Q

Energy Storage Use can be divided into 2 main groups

A
  1. In front of the meter
  2. Behind the meter
69
Q

Energy use, what are uses in front of the meter?

A
  1. Wholesale
  2. T&D
  3. Utility scale (PV+Storage)
70
Q

Energy use, what are uses behind the meter?

A
  1. Commercial & Industrial (Standalone)
  2. Commercial & Industrial (PV + Storage)
  3. Residential (PV + Storage)
71
Q

What are the 4 common Battery energy storage technologies?

  • In-Front-of the Meter
  • Behind the Meter
A

In-Front-of the Meter

  1. Lithium - ion
  2. Flow Battery-Vanadium
  3. Flow Battery-Zinc Bromide

Behind the Meter

  1. Lithium -ion
  2. Lead-Acd
  3. Advanced Lead (Lead Carbon)
72
Q

Energy Storage - T & D uses

A

1.

73
Q

What is the NYMEX Strip?

A

The NYMEX Strip, or “12-month strip” is the average of the daily settlement prices of the next 12 months’ futures contracts, and is a good indicator of where natural gas prices are for the next year.

74
Q

Demand Response

A

Changes in electric usage by end-use customers from their normal consumption patterns in response to changes in the price of electricity over time, or to incentive payments designed to induce lower electricity use at times of high wholesale market prices or when system reliability is jeopardized

75
Q
A
76
Q

Netback

A

Gross Profit, normally expessed gross profit per barrel

77
Q
A

Integrated Resource Plan (1 decks)

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