ABPI 311 - Cells Flashcards
Number of chromosomes in humans?
23
Contrast hyperplasia and hypoplasia.
Hyperplasia - too many of certain cell type in an organ.
Hypoplasia - too few of certain cell type in the organ.
Contrast hypertrophy and hypertrophy.
Hypertrophy - cells larger than normal size
Hypotrophy - cells smaller than normal size
Atrophy is?
Gland size regression.
Contrast catabolism and anabolism.
Anabolism part of metabolism that BUILDS (proteins, amino acids, etc)
Catabolism part of metabolism that BREAKS (glycolysis, krebs, etc)
Endoplasmic Reticulum - form and function.
Form: adjacent to nucleus. Ribosomes on it make it ROUGH ER, lack of ribosomes SMOOTH ER.
Function: protein synthesis and transport of proteins away from nucleus.
Mitochondria - Form and function.
Form: located throughout cell, numbers vary depending on cell type, filled with internal invaginations increasing internal SA.
Function: cellular powerhouse, oxidizes nutrients to form CO2, water, ATP.
Lysosomes - form and function.
Form: small membrane bound sacs of enzymes.
Function: aids in breaking down components into useable or non-pathogenic forms for further processing. Over 50 digestive enzymes.
Cytoskeleton - form (3 protein filaments are?) and function.
Form: 3 primary protein filaments are microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate fibres. Located throughout cell attaching to membranes and organelles.
Function: cell motility, cell shape, size, movement of organelles and other internals. MUSCLE CELL CONTRACTION.
Microtubules - function.
Assist in internal movements of cell.
Transport of molecules within cell.
Micro filaments - functions.
Assist with cell motility.
Actin and intermediate fibres - function.
Assist in muscle contraction.
Nucleus - form and function.
Form: largest organelle in nucleated cells. Surrounded by double layered nuclear membrane permeated with nuclear pores. Dark spot within is nucleolus.
Function: genetic information exits, only products tagged with NLS (nuclear localization signal) may enter, cells “brain” primary cite of genetic replication.
Ribosomes - form and function.
Form: usually located on RER adjacent from nucleus.
Function: receive mRNA from nucleus and translate to make proteins.
Cell Membrane - form and function.
Form - phospholipid bilayer interspersed with proteins, carbohydrates, and pores (protein channels).
Function - control entry, exit, of material in cell. Maintains cell integrity. Membrane proteins and carbohydrates aid in communication to and from other cells.
Membrane types (3)
Permeable - lets most molecules pass.
Semi-permeable - lets select number of molecules pass.
Impermeable - molecules cannot pass.
Types of cell transport (3)
Diffusion (osmosis) - lipid soluble and water diffuse across. Water, O2, CO2.
Passive transport (facilitated diffusion) - water soluble and water diffuses through interior of transport proteins. NO ENERGY REQUIRED.
Active transport - Specific salutes are pumped through interior of transport proteins. ENERGY REQUIRED. Against concentration gradient.
Endocytosis and exocytosis.
Endocytosis - 1) phagocytosis - cell eating, engulfs external material in vesicle to bring in. 2) Pinocytosis - cell drinking, surrounds liquid forms vacuole.
Exocytosis - cell deposits material originating internally to external via release of vacuole at cell membrane.
Types of junctions (2)
Tight junctions - tight between two adjacent cells prevent movement between them.
Gap junctions - space between two adjacent cells allow flow of some particles. ** permits change of membrane potential in nerve cells via ion flow.
Apical vs basolateral surface.
Apical surface is facing lumen.
Other parts (usually touching only ECF) are basolateral.
Applies to only tight junctions.
