About OS Flashcards

Introduction - Chapter 0

1
Q

What is the difference between a Monolithic and a Microkernel OS?

A

Monolithic: All systems and services on the OS are run with a single program in kernel mode.

Microkernel: Only essential services operate on the main kernel, otherwise different processes use different address spaces.

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2
Q

Name a prominent monolithic operating system from the following: Linux, Windows, Mac.

A

Linux or Windows. Mac is on a hybrid structure.

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3
Q

Name a prominent microkernel operating system from the following: Linux, Windows, Mac.

A

None of the given. Mac is on a hybrid structure, and the other two are monolithic.

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4
Q

What is a CPU?

A

The computer’s “brain;” Controls other parts of the device. Stands for “Central Processing Unit.”

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5
Q

What is memory built to do in computers?

A

Support processing through storage of instructions and data. Includes caching.

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6
Q

What are L1, L2, and L3?

A

Three different levels of cache memory. L1 is the fastest but smallest, L3 is the slowest (faster than disc access though) and biggest.

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7
Q

What is DRAM?

A

Dynamic Random Access Memory. Computer memory that stores data temporarily for CPU usage during applications. The main computer memory above disc space.

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8
Q

What’s the difference between the group of L1, L2, and L3 and DRAM?

A

DRAM is main memory unit, while L1-3 are smaller caches.

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9
Q

What is the Frontside bus?

A

Connects the CPU to main memory and speedy components.

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10
Q

What is the Backside bus?

A

Connects the CPU to the L2 and L3 caches.

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11
Q

Where is the L1 cache stored?

A

In the CPU itself; Runs at the same speed as the CPU.

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12
Q

What is the system bus?

A

Connects the CPU to all system components.

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13
Q

What is a HDD?

A

Hard Drive Disc. Physical Memory stored on a mechanical rotating disc. Good at sequential memory access.

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14
Q

What is an SSD?

A

Solid-State Drive. Non-mechanical. Great at random access.

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15
Q

What’s the main advantage of HDD’s over SSD’s?

A

Price.

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16
Q

What is an NIC?

A

Network Interface Card. Interfaces with networks. Can interface with ethernet cables or wireless methods.

17
Q

What is a GPU?

A

Graphics Processing Unit. Handles display of image on a computer. Good at parallel processing.

18
Q

What is a TPU?

A

Hardware accelerator designed to optimize machine learning tasks (especially deep learning models).

19
Q

What is an FPGA?

A

Field-Programmable Gate Array. Type of semiconductor that can be programmed to handle specific functionality even after manufacturing. Pricey, but efficient.

20
Q

What does Moore’s Law outline?

A

Transistor capacity doubles every ~18 months, though this has hit a wall in 2003, instead people now focus on multi-core systems.

21
Q

When does a Bootstrapping Process start?

A

When power is initially applied.

22
Q

What does the OS Bootstrapping Process aim to accomplish?

A

Get the system ready to service user actions and needs.

23
Q

TRUE/FALSE: The bootstrapping process will only ever provide services to a user after the booting is completed.

A

FALSE: Services might be provided before booting completion (GUI display). Example: Connecting to the network for SSH use, or displaying a Splash screen before user can run programs.

24
Q

What are the three basic operating system duties?

A

Resource Management, Isolation & Security, and Scheduling.

25
Q

Describe an Operating System’s handling of Resource Management.

A

The initialization of physical resources, sharing and managing resources for the kernel and applications, abstraction of resources, and managing power and sleep status.

26
Q

Describe an Operating System’s handling of Isolation & Security.

A

Managing disjoint users and processes at the same time, making sure little degradation of other processes occurs when a large process happens at the same time (guarding against noisy neighbors), and securing data.

27
Q

Describe an Operating System’s handling of Scheduling.

A

Allowing many processes to share a set of cores, enabling the switch between processes (threading) with minimal latency, determining which process is run after one stops.

28
Q

TRUE/FALSE: Hard Realtime Systems are designed to optimize worst-case performance.

A

TRUE.

29
Q

TRUE/FALSE: Firm Realtime Systems care primarily about the amount of time a deadline is missed by.

A

FALSE: Firm Realtime Systems care primarily about the number and percentage of missed deadlines.

30
Q

TRUE/FALSE: An example of a Soft Realtime System is a router.

A

TRUE.