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IMMUNOHEMA MT > ABO GROUP PPT 1 > Flashcards

ABO GROUP PPT 1 Flashcards

1
Q

most important of all blood groups in both transfusion and transplant medicine

A

ABO SYSTEM

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2
Q

It is the only blood group system in which individuals already have antibodies in their serum to antigens that are absent from RBCs without any prior exposure to RBCs through transfusion or pregnancy

A

ABO SYSTEM

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3
Q

(ABO SYSTEM)

Testing to detect ABO incompatibility between a ______ and __________ is the foundation on which all other pretransfusion testing is based.

A

donor ; potential transfusion recipient

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4
Q

first performed forward and reverse grouping

A

Karl Lansteiner

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5
Q

In 1901, He was inadvertently the first individual to perform forward and reverse grouping

A

Karl Lansteiner

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6
Q

_________ is defined as using known sources of commercial antisera (anti-A, anti-B) to detect antigens on an individual’s RBCs.

A

Forward grouping (front type)

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7
Q

________ is defined as detecting ABO antibodies in the patient’s serum by using known reagent RBCs, namely A1 and B cells.

A

Reverse grouping (back type)

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8
Q

______ are widespread in the environment, which constantly exposes individuals to A-like and B-like antigens. This exposure serves as a source of stimulation of anti-A and anti-B. All other defined blood group systems do not regularly have “____________” antibodies expected in their serum to antigens they lack on their RBCs.

A

Bacteria ; naturally occurring

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9
Q

ABO FORWARD GROUPING:

PATIENT RBCS WITH ANTI-A
1. 0
2. 4+
3. 0
4. 4+

PATIENT RBCS WITH ANTI-B
1. 0
2. 0
3. 4+
4. 4+

INTEPRETATION OF BLOOD GROUP???

A
  1. O
  2. A
  3. B
  4. AB
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10
Q

ABO REVERSE GROUPING

PATIENT SERUM WITH REAGENT A1 CELLS:
1. 4+
2. 0
3. 3+
4. 0

PATIENT SERUM WITH REAGENT B CELLS:
1. 4+
2. 3+
3. 0
4. 0

INTERPRETATION OF BLOOD GROUP???

A
  1. O
  2. A
  3. B
  4. AB
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11
Q

A FORWARD GROUPING REAGENT (CHARACTERISTICS):

  • monoclonal antibody
  • highly specific
  • IgM
  • Clear blue-colored reagent
  • Expected 3+ to 4+ reaction
  • Usually use 1 to 2 drops
A

Anti A Reagent

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12
Q

A FORWARD GROUPING REAGENT (CHARACTERISTICS):

  • monoclonal antibody
  • highly specific
  • IgM
  • Clear yellow-colored reagent
  • Expected 3+ to 4+ reaction
  • Usually use 1 to 2 drops
A

Anti B Reagent

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13
Q

A REVERSE GROUPING REAGENT (CHARACTERISTICS):

  • Human source
  • 4% to 5% RBC suspension
  • Expected 2+ to 4+ reaction usually use 1 drop
A

Reagent A1 and B Cells

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14
Q

(FREQUENCY OF ABO GROUPING)

______ is found twice as frequently in blacks and Asians as in whites.

A

group B

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15
Q

(FREQUENCY OF ABO GROUPING)

There is also a significant decrease in _____ distribution in these two ethnic populations compared to whites.

A

group A

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16
Q

(FREQUENCY OF ABO GROUPING)

It has been reported that ______ is rarely found in Asians.

A

subgroup A2

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17
Q

Individuals normally produce antibodies directed against the ____ or ______ absent from their RBCs.

A

A and/or B antigen(s)

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18
Q

ABO antibodies are predominantly ______, activate ________, and react at _____ or _______.

A

IgM, complement, room temperature or colder

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19
Q

ABO Antibodies also, produce strong __________ reactions during ABO testing

A

direct agglutination

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20
Q

(ABO ANTIBODIES)

PRODUCTION: initiated at birth, but titers are generally too low for detection until infants are ___ to ____ months old

  • before 3 to 6 months of age cannot be considered valid because some or all of the antibodies present may be _____ antibodies that crossed the placenta.
  • Perform only ______ on the cord blood from newborn infants
A

3 to 6

  • IgG maternal
  • forward grouping
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21
Q

Antibody production peaks between ___ and ____ years of age and declines later in life

A

5 and 10

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22
Q

Elderly people usually have lower levels of _____ and _____

  • antibodies may be undetectable in the _____
A

anti-A and anti-B

  • reverse grouping
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23
Q

ABO antibodies can cause ________ if the wrong ABO group is transfused, potentially resulting in patient death.

A

rapid intravascular hemolysis

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24
Q

Serum from group O individuals contains _______, ______, and ______

  • Anti-A,B reacts with both ____ and _____
  • cannot be separated into a pure specificity when adsorbed with either A or B cells
  • Anti-A,B antibody is not a combination of anti-A and anti-B but is a separate “________” antibody
  • usually ____ in nature
A

anti-A, anti-B, and anti-A,B.

  • A and B cells
  • cross-reacting
  • IgG
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25
Q

The amount of IgG anti-A, anti-B, or anti-A,B in a woman’s serum sometimes allows prediction or diagnosis of ______________ caused by ABO incompatibility

A

hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN)

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26
Q

Anti-A,B reagent is routinely used for performing ________ of group O donor units
- not required for routine patient ______.

A

ABO confirmation
- ABO testing

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27
Q

The production and use of ___________ is much more sensitive, to the point where weak A and B antigens are detected routinely.

A

monoclonal antisera

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28
Q

________ can be prepared using blended monoclonal anti-A and anti-B; polyclonal human anti-A,B; or a blend of monoclonal anti-A, anti-B, and anti-A,B

A

Reagent anti-A,B

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29
Q

(INHERITANCE OF ABO BLOOD GROUPS)

1924: first described by ______

A

Berstein

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30
Q
  • indicating that an individual inherits one ______ from each parent
  • two genes determine which ABO antigens are present on the _______
A

ABO gene ; RBC membrane

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31
Q

inheritance of ABO genes follows simple __________

A

Mendelian genetics

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32
Q

One position, or locus, on each __________ is occupied by an A, B, or O gene.

A

chromosome 9

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33
Q

The O gene is considered an ______,
- no detectable _______ is produced

A

amorph ; antigen

34
Q

The __________ is an autosomal recessive trait with the inheritance of two nonfunctional O genes

A

group O phenotype

35
Q

(FORMATION OF A, B, AND H RBC ANTIGENS)

Results from the interaction of genes at three separate loci (____, _____, and ___) code for the produce specific __________ that add sugars to a basic precursor substance

A

ABO, Hh, and Se ; glycosyltransferases

36
Q

(FORMATION OF A, B, AND H RBC ANTIGENS)

_______ or _______ is the same basic precursor material from which A, B, and H antigens

A

Paragloboside or glycan

37
Q

(FORMATION OF A, B, AND H RBC ANTIGENS)

When the terminal galactose on the precursor substance is attached to the N-acetylglucosamine in a beta 1 → 4 linkage, the precursor substance on erythrocytes is referred to as ______

A

type 2.

38
Q

(FORMATION OF A, B, AND H RBC ANTIGENS)

______ on the RBC are constructed on oligosaccharide chains of a ________ substance.

A

ABH antigens ; type 2 precursor

39
Q

(FORMATION OF A, B, AND H RBC ANTIGENS)

Type 1 precursor substance refers to a beta 1 → 3 linkage between _______ and ________

A

galactose and N-acetylglucosamine

40
Q

(FORMATION OF A, B, AND H RBC ANTIGENS)

_______ is the precursor structure on which A and B antigens are made

A

H antigen

41
Q

(FORMATION OF A, B, AND H RBC ANTIGENS)

Inheritance of the _____ results in formation of the H antigen

A

H gene

42
Q

(FORMATION OF A, B, AND H RBC ANTIGENS)

FUT 1 (H) and FUT 2 (Se) genes are located on chromosome ___, in contrast to the ABO genes located on chromosome ___.

  • __ gene inherited to form ABO antigens on the RBCs
  • ___ gene inherited to form ABO antigens in secretions.
A

19 ; 9 ; H ; Se

43
Q

(FORMATION OF A, B, AND H RBC ANTIGENS)

_______ develop early in fetal life and do not increase much in strength during the gestational period.

A

ABH antigens

44
Q

(FORMATION OF A, B, AND H RBC ANTIGENS)

Reactions of newborn RBCs with ABO reagent antisera are frequently _______ than reactions with adult cells.

A

weaker

45
Q

(FORMATION OF A, B, AND H RBC ANTIGENS)

RBCs of the newborn have been estimated to carry ________ of the number of antigenic sites

A

25% to 50%

46
Q

(FORMATION OF A, B, AND H RBC ANTIGENS)

The expression of A and B antigens on the RBCs is developed by __ to ___ yrs of age and remains constant throughout life.

A

2 to 4 years

47
Q

(INTERACTION OF Hh AND ABO GENES)

_______ inherit at least one FUT 1(H) gene (genotype HH or Hh) and two O genes.

A

Blood group O

48
Q

(INTERACTION OF Hh AND ABO GENES)

H gene elicits the production of an enzyme called ___________
transfers the sugar L-fucose to an oligosaccharide chain on the terminal galactose of type 2 chains.

A

α-2-Lfucosyltransferase

49
Q

(INTERACTION OF Hh AND ABO GENES)

___________: Sugars occupying the terminal positions of this precursor chain and conferring blood group specificity

  • ______ is the sugar responsible for H specificity
    must be formed for the other sugars to be attached in response to an inherited A and/or B gene.
A

Immunodominant sugars ; L-fucose

50
Q

(INTERACTION OF Hh AND ABO GENES)

_____ does not elicit the production of a catalytically active polypeptide transferase

A

O gene

51
Q

(INTERACTION OF Hh AND ABO GENES)

_______ has the highest concentration of H antigen.

A

O blood group

52
Q

(INTERACTION OF Hh AND ABO GENES)

The ____ gene is present in more than 99.99% of the random population.

  • __, is quite rare
  • genotype __ is extremely rare.
A

H ; h ; hh

53
Q

(Glycosyltransferases and Immunodominant Sugars Responsible for H, A, and B Antigen Specificities)

Gene: H (FUT1)
Glycosyltransferase: ??
Immunodominant Sugar: ??
Antigen: H

A

Gene: H (FUT1)
Glycosyltransferase: a-2-L-fucosyltransferase
Immunodominant Sugar: L-fucose
Antigen: H

54
Q

(Glycosyltransferases and Immunodominant Sugars Responsible for H, A, and B Antigen Specificities)

Gene: A
Glycosyltransferase: ??
Immunodominant Sugar: ??
Antigen: A

A

Gene: A
Glycosyltransferase: a-3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase
Immunodominant Sugar: N-acetyl-D-galactosamine
Antigen: A

55
Q

(Glycosyltransferases and Immunodominant Sugars Responsible for H, A, and B Antigen Specificities)

Gene: B
Glycosyltransferase: ??
Immunodominant Sugar: ??
Antigen: B

A

Gene: B
Glycosyltransferase: a-3-D-galactosyltransferase
Immunodominant Sugar: D-galactose
Antigen: B

56
Q

(INTERACTION OF Hh AND ABO GENES)

_______ refer to the phenotype that lacks normal expression of the ABH antigens because of the inheritance of the _______.

  • _________ does not elicit production of α-2- L-fucosyltransferase.
  • L-fucose is not added to the type 2 chain and H substance is not expressed on the RBC.
A

Bombay ; hh genotype

57
Q

(INTERACTION OF Hh AND ABO GENES)

Blood group A: the ____ (AA or AO) codes for production of α-3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase

  • which transfers an _________ sugar to the H substance.
  • This sugar confers A specificity
A

A gene ; N-acetyl-D-galactosamine(GalNAc)

58
Q

(INTERACTION OF Hh AND ABO GENES)

__________ is linked to a type 2 precursor substance that now contains H substance through the action of the H gene.

A

A-specific immunodominant sugar

59
Q

(INTERACTION OF Hh AND ABO GENES)

The A gene tends to elicit _____ concentrations of transferase than the B gene, leading to conversion of nearly all of the H antigen on the RBCs to A antigen sites.

A

higher

60
Q

(INTERACTION OF Hh AND ABO GENES)

Blood group B: inherit a B gene (BB or BO)

  • codes for the production of _______ and attaches ________ sugar to the H substance
  • This sugar is responsible for B specificity
A

α-3-D-galactosyltransferase ; D-galactose (Gal)

61
Q

(INTERACTION OF Hh AND ABO GENES)

________ exist on a B adult RBC in response to the conversion of the H antigen by the α-3- D-galactosyltransferase produced by the B gene

A

B antigen sites

62
Q

(INTERACTION OF Hh AND ABO GENES)

When both __ and ___ genes are inherited, the B enzyme (α-3-D-galactosyltransferase) seems to compete more efficiently for the H substance than the A enzyme (α-3- N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase)

A

A and B

63
Q

(FORMATION OF A, B, AND H SOLUBLE ANTIGENS)

________: integral parts of the membranes of RBCs, endothelial cells, platelets, lymphocytes, and epithelial cells.

A

ABH antigens

64
Q

(FORMATION OF A, B, AND H SOLUBLE ANTIGENS)

______ can also be found in all body secretions.
Their presence is dependent on the inheritance of genes called ______ that regulate their formation.

A

ABH-soluble antigens ; Sese (secretor genes)

65
Q

(FORMATION OF A, B, AND H SOLUBLE ANTIGENS)

80% of the random U.S. population are known as _____ they have inherited a secretor gene (SeSe or Sese).

A

secretors

66
Q

(FORMATION OF A, B, AND H SOLUBLE ANTIGENS)

_______: codes for the production of the transferase α-2-L-fucosyltransferase
modifies the type 1 precursor substance in secretions to form H substance.

A

FUT 2 (Se) gene

67
Q

(FORMATION OF A, B, AND H SOLUBLE ANTIGENS)

People who inherit the sese genotype are termed ______

A

nonsecretors.

68
Q

(FORMATION OF A, B, AND H ANTIGENS ON RBCs WITH A, B, AND H SOLUBLE SUBSTANCES)

formation of soluble A, B, and H substances: _____ as the formation of A, B, and H antigens on the RBCs

  • except for a few ______
A

same ; minor distinctions

69
Q

(comparison of ABH antigens on RBCs with A, B, and H soluble substances)

RBC antigens can be glycolipids, glycoproteins, or glycosphingolipids.

A

ABH Antigens on RBCs

70
Q

(comparison of ABH antigens on RBCs with A, B, and H soluble substances)

RBC antigens are synthesized only on type 2 precursor chains.

A

ABH Antigens on RBCs

71
Q

(comparison of ABH antigens on RBCs with A, B, and H soluble substances)

Type 2 chain refers to a beta 1->4 linkage in which the number one carbon of the galactose is attached to the number four carbon of the N-acetylglycosamine sugar of the precursor substance.

A

ABH Antigens on RBCs

72
Q

(comparison of ABH antigens on RBCs with A, B, and H soluble substances)

  • The enzyme produced by the H (FUT1) gene (a-2-L-fucosyltransferase) acts primarily on type 2 chains, which are prevalent on the RBC membrane.
A

ABH Antigens on RBCs

73
Q

(comparison of ABH antigens on RBCs with A, B, and H soluble substances)

Secreted substances are glycoproteins.

A

A, B, and H soluble substances

74
Q

(comparison of ABH antigens on RBCs with A, B, and H soluble substances)

Secreted substances are primarily synthesized on type 1 precursor chains.

A

A, B, and H soluble substances

75
Q

(comparison of ABH antigens on RBCs with A, B, and H soluble substances)

Type 1 chain refers to a beta 1->3 linkage in which the number one carbon of the galactose is attached to the number three carbon of the N-acetylgalactosamine sugar of the precursor substances.

A

A, B, and H soluble substances

76
Q

(comparison of ABH antigens on RBCs with A, B, and H soluble substances)

The enzyme produced by the Se (FUT2) gene (a-2-L-fucosyltransferase) preferentially acts on type 1 chains in secretory tissues.

A

A, B, and H soluble substances

77
Q

(ABO Typing Techniques)

SLIDE METHOD PRINCIPLE:

RBCs from the specimen are tested for presence of A antigen and/or B antigen using _______

________: presence of corresponding antigen on red blood cells

A

ANTI-SERA (Anti- A and Anti- B) ; Agglutination

78
Q

(ABO Typing Techniques)

SLIDE METHOD REAGENTS
- ______________

Usually used in _________

Anti-A= ____
Anti- B= _____

A

Anti- A and Anti-B anti sera ; Forward Typing

blue ; yellow

79
Q

(ABO Typing Techniques)

TUBE METHOD

Can be used for _____ AND ______

__________ and RECOMMENDED method

______ AND ________ can be performed to enhanced the reaction

Addresses the drying problem

A

Forward and Reverse typing ; GOLD STANDARD ; Incubation and centrifugation

80
Q

(ABO Typing Techniques)

REVERSE TYPING METHOD

Detects: _________
Specimen: __________
Uses ___________

A

Antibody (A and B cells) ; Serum/plasma ; Red Cell Suspension

81
Q
A

IMMUNOHEMA MT (4 decks)

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