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immunohematology > ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM > Flashcards

ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

most important of all blood group

A

ABO blood group system

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2
Q

true or false. ABO blood group system already have antibodies against antigens that are absent from their RBCs.

A

true

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3
Q

using known sources of commercial antisera (anti-A, anti-B) to detect antigens on an individual’s RBCs

A

forward typing

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4
Q

detecting ABO antibodies in the patient’s serum by using known reagent RBCs (A1, B cells)

A

reverse typing

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5
Q

true or false. always drop the RBC first and second clear solutions.

A

false, clear solutions should be dropped first before the RBCs

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6
Q

anti-A reagent color and IG class

A

blue, IgM

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7
Q

anti-B reagent color and IG class

A

yellow, IgM

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8
Q

most common blood type

A

O

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9
Q

true or false. reverse typing before 3 to 6 months of age are considered valid

A

false, because some or all of the antibodies present may be IgG maternal antibodies that have crossed the placenta

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10
Q

genes that produce specific glycosyltransferases to form ABH antigens

A

ABO, Hh, and Se

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11
Q

precursor structure on which A and B antigens are made

A

H antigen

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12
Q

H and Se genes chromosome location

A

chromosome 19

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13
Q

ABO gene chromosome location

A

chromosome 9

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14
Q

genes that are not part of the ABO system

A

H and Se genes

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15
Q

H glycosyltransferase and immunodominant sugar

A

a-2-L-fucosyltransferase
L-fucose

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16
Q

A glycosyltransferase and immunodominant sugar

A

a-3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase
N-acetyl-D-galactosamine

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17
Q

B glycosyltransferase and immunodominant sugar

A

a-3-a-galactosyltransferase
D-galactose

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18
Q

hh is extremely rare, what do you call its phenotype?

A

Bombay phenotype

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19
Q

Sese phenotype

A

secretor

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20
Q

sese phenotype

A

nonsecretor

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21
Q

fluids in which A, B, and H can be detected in secretors
(STUB-M)

A

saliva, tears, urine, bile, milk, etc

22
Q

80% of all group A

A

A1

23
Q

20% of all group A

A

A2

24
Q

A1 or A1B lectin

A

Dolichus biflorus

25
Q

B lectin

A

Bandeiraea simplicifolia

26
Q

O lectin (H specificity)

A

Ulex europaeus

27
Q

reactivity of anti-H antisera (from greatest to least) (6)

A

O
A2
B
A2B
A1
A1B

28
Q

weak A subgroups characteristics (4)

A

-decreased number of A antigen sites/RBC
-varying degrees of agglutination by human anti-A1B
-presence or absence of anti-A1 in the serum
-increased variability in the detectability of H antigen

29
Q

tests to subdivide A individuals

A

secretor studies, adsorption-elution tests, and molecular testing

30
Q

true or false. patients with Bombay phenotype can be transfused with O blood group

A

false. Bombay can only receive from another Bombay

31
Q

gene that mutated in Bombay type

A

FUTI (H gene)

32
Q

1st solution to resolve ABO discrepancy

A

repeat testing the same sample using a saline suspension of RBCs

33
Q

true or false. when a discrepancy is encountered, results must be recorded, but interpretation of the ABO type must be delayed until the discrepancy is resolved.

A

true

34
Q

discrepancy that is associated with unexpected reactions in the reverse typing due to weakly reacting or missing antibodies

A

group I discrepancies

35
Q

true or false. group I discrepancies are more common

A

true

36
Q

causes of group I discrepancies: (3)

A

newborns/elderly
leukemia/hypogammaglobulinemia
ABO abs diluted by plasma transfusion

37
Q

resolution of group I discrepancies

A

patient history - newborns/elderly
enhance weak/missing reaction - hypogammaglobulinemia (incubation, increase antigen, centrifugation)

38
Q

discrepancy associated with unexpected reactions in the forward typing due to weakly reaction or missing antigens

A

group II discrepancy

39
Q

causes of group II discrepancy (3)

A

subgroups of A or B
Hodgkins disease
acquired B

40
Q

resolution of group II discrepancy

A

enhance weak/missing reaction - (incubation, increase antigen, centrifugation)

41
Q

defined as the presence of two-cell populations

A

chimerism

42
Q

artificial chimera causes (4)

A

blood transfusions
transplanted bone marrows
exchange transfusions
fetal-maternal bleeding

43
Q

discrepancies caused by protein or plasma abnormalities

A

group III discrepancies

44
Q

result of group III discrepancies

A

rouleaux formation

45
Q

causes of group III discrepancies

A

elevated levels of globulin (Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia)
elevated levels of fibrinogen
wharton’s jelly

46
Q

resolution to remove pseudoaggregation of wharton’s jelly

A

wash 6-8x with saline

47
Q

resolution of group III discrepancy

A

replace serum with saline

48
Q

discrepancies due to miscellaneous problems

A

group IV discrepancies

49
Q

causes of group IV discrepancies:

A

-cold reactive autoantibodies
-patient has more than 1 ABO type due to RBC transfusion or narrow/stem cell transplant
-unexpected ABO isoagglutinins
-unexpected non-ABO alloantibodies

50
Q

resolution of group IV discrepancies

A

incubate > wash with saline 3x > retype

if not successful, add 0.01M DTT to disperse IgM-related agglutination

immunohematology (2 decks)

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