Abnormalities

Question 1

What are the potential examination findings in pneumonia/consolidation?

Answer 1

Palpation - decreased expansion unilaterally

Percussion - dull locally

Auscultation - coarse crepitations, bronchial breathing, increased vocal resonance

Question 2

What are the potential examination findings in pleural effusion?

Answer 2

Palpation - decreased expansion unilaterally. If large, tracheal deviation away.

Percussion - stony, dull locally

Auscultation - reduced breath sounds, reduced vocal resonance

Question 3

What are the potential examination findings in pneumothorax?

Answer 3

Palpation - decreased expansion unilaterally. If tension, tracheal deviation away.

Percussion - hyper-resonant locally

Auscultation - reduced or absent breath sounds, reduced vocal resonance

Question 4

What are the potential examination findings in lung collapse?

Answer 4

Palpation - decreased expansion unilaterally. Tracheal deviation towards collapse.

Percussion - dull locally

Auscultation - reduced breath sounds, reduced vocal resonance

Question 5

What are the potential examination findings in COPD?

Answer 5

Palpation - increased expansion, increased crico-sternal distance.

Percussion - decreased globally

Auscultation - reduced breath sounds globally

Question 6

What are the causes of clubbing in respiratory disease?

Answer 6

Interstitial lung disease, suppurative lung disease and malignancy

Question 7

What causes fine bibasal creps?

Answer 7

Pulmonary oedema, ILD

Question 8

What causes coarse bibasal creps?

Answer 8

bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, pneumonia

Question 9

What are the clinical signs of hyperinflation?

Answer 9

Reduced cricosternal distance, intercostal indrawing, increased AP diameter, hyper-resonant percussion note, apex beat not palpable