Abnormal Valve Function Flashcards
What is stenosis?
Valve doesnt open enough, so causes obstruction to blood flow when valve normally open.
What is regurgitation?
Valve doesnt close all the way
Back leakage when valve should be closed
What are the causes of aortic valve stenosis?
Degenerative- Senile calcification Fibrosis Congenital- bicuspid form of valve Chronic rheumatic fever- commisural fusion of leaflets- this also places you at more risk of endocarditis
What can be heard during ascultation of aortic valve stenosis?
Crescendo decrescendo murmur during systole
What are the effects of aortic valve stenosis?
Shear stress- microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia
Less blood can get through valve-increased LV pressure leading to Lv hypertrophy
Left sided heart failure leading to syncope and angina
What is the main cause of mitral valve stenosis?
Rheumatic fever- causes commisural fusion of valve leaflets
What can be heard on ascultation of mital valve stenosis?
Snap as valve opens and diastolic rumble
What is the main effect of mitral valve stenosis
It is harder for blood to move from the LA to the LV
If it is harder for blood to move from LA to LV then what does this cause?
Increased LA pressure- pulmonary oedema, dyspnea, pulmonary hypertension- RV hypertrophy
LA dilatation-atrial fibrillation- thrombus formation
Oesophagus compression- dysphagia
What are the causes of aortic valve regurg?
Aortic root dilatation- leaflets pulled apart
Valvular damage-endocarditis/ rheumatic fever
What can be heard on ascultation of aortic valve regurgitation?
Early crescendo diastolic murmur
What are the effects of aortic valve regurg?
Blood flows back into LV during diastole
So this increases stroke volume
So systolic pressure increases- LV hypertrophy
Diastolic pressure decreases- bounding pulse due to large difference in EDV and ESV
Bounding pulse causes quinkes sign (head bobbing)
What are the causes of mitral valve regurgitation?
Myxomatous degeneration/ MI can weaken tissue of chordae tendinae/ papillary muscle which normally prevent prolapse in systole
Rheumatic fever can lead to leaflet fibrosis which disrupts seal formation
Left sided heart failure leads to LV dilatation which can stretch valve
What can be heard on ascultation of mitral valve regurgitation?
Holosystolic murmur
What is the effect of mitral valve regurgitation?
Some blood leaks back into LA so increased preload as more blood enters in subsequent cycles- can cause LV hypertrophy
