Abnormal Psychologyy Flashcards
1
Q
Neurotransmitter responsible for alertness, arousal, decision-making, attention, and focus
A
Norepinephrine [ concentration ]
2
Q
One of the chief advisers to the king of France, a bishop and philosopher suggested that the disease of melancholy (depression) was the source of some bizarre behavior, rather than demons.
A
Nicholas Oresme
3
Q
Process of determining whether the particular problem afflicting the individual meets all
criteria for a psychological disorder
A
Diagnosis
4
Q
phlegmatic
A
humor phlegm
5
Q
Hemisphere responsible for verbal and
other cognitive processes
A
Left Hemisphere
6
Q
Apathy and sluggishness but can also mean being calm under stress.
A
phlegmatic
7
Q
Factors other than inherited DNA sequence, such as new learning or stress, that alter the phenotypic expression of genes
A
Epigenetics
8
Q
Low Epinephrine can cause
A
Fatigue
9
Q
It is therapeutic to recall and relive emotional trauma that has been made unconscious and to release the accompanying tension. This release of emotional material
A
catharsis
10
Q
4 D’s of Psychological Disorder
A
- Psychological Dysfunction
- Distress or Impairment
- Deviance
- Dangerousness/Danger
11
Q
Left a body of work called the Hippocratic Corpus,
A
Hippocrates
12
Q
Structure of the brain that regulates the body’s homeostasis (normal systematic functioning) and stimulates productions of hormones.
A
hypothalamus
13
Q
life-sustaining wind according to the Chinese
A
yang
14
Q
Individual is extremely
upset and cannot function properly
A
Distress or Impairment
15
Q
Parts of the brain that coordinates movements with sensory input and contains parts of reticular activating
system
A
Midbrain
16
Q
Part of the brain that controls motor coordination
abnormalities associated with autism
A
Cerebellum
17
Q
Inhibitory
A
Antagonist
18
Q
High Serotonin
A
Mania
19
Q
new cases occur during a given period
A
incidence
20
Q
Neurotransmitter that regulates mood, sleep
patterns, sexuality, appetite, and pain
A
Serotonin (I) [ mood ]
21
Q
master gland
A
Pituitary
22
Q
disorder will improve without treatment in a relatively short period.
A
time-limited course
23
Q
Common treatments were for mental depression in the 14th century.
A
Rest, sleep, and a healthy and happy environment. Other treatments included baths, ointments, and various potions.
24
Q
Low Endorphin
A
Eating Disorders
25
____ Chromosomes, _____Pairs, ___ Pairs of Autosomes, __ pair of sex chromose
46, 23, 22, 1
26
Always expressed/ trait that shows up
Dominant
27
Suggested that psychological disorders could be treated like any other disease
Hippocrates
28
was suggested by Robert Burton to eat tobacco and a half-boiled cabbage
induce vomiting
29
Looking for a single cause
One-Dimensional
30
High Acetylcholine
None
31
normal brain functioning was related to four bodily fluids or humors:
blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm.
32
What hemisphere is responsivle for receiving the world around us and creating images
Right Hemisphere
33
Humor that came from the spleen
black bile
34
HPA Axis
Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland,
Adrenal Cortex
35
sanguine
red, like blood
36
XY
Male
37
Unexplained mental disorders were caused by blockages of wind or the presence of cold, dark wind
yin
38
one behavior that is like other
people in the society
Normal Behavior
39
Studies the
factors that influence the disorder
Advanced Genetic Epidemiology
40
Adopted the ideas of Hippocrates and his associates and developed
them further, creating a powerful and influential school of thought within the biological tradition
Galen
41
Creates potential harm to self
(suicidal gestures) and others (excessive aggression)
Danger
42
Cause of psychological disorder in the 14th century
demons, witches, punishment for evil deeds
43
releases estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone
Ovaries
44
Brain structure that retrieves sensory information. It conveys information about movement and senses to the cortex.
thalamus
45
Low GABA
Anxiety/OCD
46
Also recognized the importance of psychological and interpersonal contributions to
psychopathology, such as the sometimes negative effects of family stress; on some occasions, he
removed patients from their families.
Hippocrates
47
Most common inhibitory
neurotransmitter in the brain and regulates mood,
irritability, sleep, seizures
GABA (I) [calming]
48
discovered that mild and
modest electric shock to the head produced a brief convulsion and memory loss (amnesia) but otherwise did little harm.
Benjamin Franklin
49
Refers to a breakdown
in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning that interferes daily functioning
Psychological Dysfunction
50
Normality is:
▪social conformity
▪ personal comfort
▪ process
51
Identification of the
specific bacterial microorganism that caused syphilis.
Louis Pasteur -germ theory of disease
52
Low Dopamine
Parkinson’s
53
54
Humor that came from the liver
choler or yellow bile
55
Who originated the moral therapy?
Philippe Pinel
56
located around the edge of the
center of the brain
Limbic System
57
Controls the levels of calcium
Parathyroid
58
population as a whole have the disorder
prevalence
59
Part of the brain that regulates many autonomic activities such as breathing, heartbeat, and digestion
Hindbrain
60
Low Acetylcholine
Alzheimer’s
(Dementia)
61
Biological analysis of individual DNA samples; biological processes genes affect to produce symptoms of the disorder
Molecular Genetics
62
creates insulin
Pancreas
63
Area responsible for higher
cognitive functions
Prefrontal Cortex
64
Low Glutamate can cause
Huntington’s Disease
65
High Dopamine
Schizophrenia
66
Applied branch of psychology
that seeks to understand, assess, and treat psychological conditions in a clinical setting
Clinical Psychology
67
cheerful and optimistic, ruddy in complexion, insomnia and delirium were thought to be caused by excessive blood in the brain.
sanguine
68
when serotonin (norepinephrine) levels are low, other neurotransmitters are permitted to range more widely, become dysregulated, and contribute to mood irregularities
Permissive Hypothesis
69
provides us with our distinctly
human qualities, allowing us to look to the future and
plan, to reason, and to create
Cerebral Cortex
70
High GABA
Relaxation
71
releases melatonin
Pineal
72
Family member with the trait singled out for study
Proband
The first person in the family to be identified as
possibly having genetic disorder and who may
receive genetic counseling or testing
73
regulate cardiovascular system and endocrine system
Autonomic Nervous System
74
controls the muscles
Somatic Nervous System
75
father of modern Western medicine
Hippocrates
76
Branch of psychology that
studies unusual patterns of behavior, emotions, and
thought which may or may not indicate an underlying
condition
Abnormal Psychology
77
Produces effects opposite to
those produced by the neurotransmitters
Inverse Agonists
78
Identify adoptees who have a
particular behavioral pattern or psychological
disorder and attempt to locate first-degree relatives
who were raised in different family settings
Adoption Studies
79
Effectively increase the activity of the neurotransmitters
Agonist
80
Part of the brain that contributes to sleep, arousal and tension
Midbrain
81
Decrease or block neurotransmitter
Antagonist
82
after the mid-19th century, humane treatment declined.
1. moral therapy worked best when the number of patients in an institution was 200 or fewer, allowing for a great deal of individual attention.
2. Unknown reason
83
Brian structure that shrinks when a person have
depression
Hippocampus
84
One of the founding fathers of modern psychiatry. Lasting contribution was in the area of diagnosis and classification.
Emil Kraepelin
85
Brain structures involved in regulating behavior, emotions, and hormones
Thalamus and Hypothalamus
86
Asylums had appeared in the 16th century, but they were more like prisons than hospitals. It was the
rise of moral therapy in Europe and the United States that made asylums habitable and even therapeutic.
True
87
Usually conducted to identical twins because they share genetic makeup’
Twin Studies
88
Lower and more ancient part of the brain; essential for autonomic functioning such as
breathing, heartbeat, etc.
Brain Stem
89
Neurotransmutter responsible for body reward system, pleasures, achieving heightened arousal and learning
Dopamine [pleasure]
90
A concept learned from the Egyptians,
identified what we now call the somatic symptom disorders. In these disorders, the physical symptoms appear to be the result of a medical problem for which no physical cause can be found, such as paralysis and some kinds of blindness.
Hysteria
91
Improving the standards of care in a mental hospital through her mental hygiene movement.
Dorothea Dix
92
What gene influences the behavior
Gene Finding
93
Calms the sympathetic
nervous system; rest and digest functions
Parasympathetic
94
XX
Female
95
study of the nervous system,
especially the brain to understand behavior,
emotions, and cognitive processes
Neuroscience
96
Examine behavioral pattern or
emotional trait in the context of the family
Family Studies
97
contains the medulla, pons, and cerebellum;
Hindbrain
98
Causes of insanity were always physical. mentally ill
patient should be treated as physically ill. The emphasis was again on rest, diet, and proper room temperature and ventilation
John P. Grey
99
What system is responsible for glands produce hormones that is released to the blood streams
Endocrine System
100
Neurotransmitter that regulates heart rate, blood pressure and gut motility, role in muscle contraction, memory, motivation, sexual desire, sleep, and learning
Acetylcholine (E) [ learning ]
101
Humor that came from the heart
Blood
102
Neurotransmitter that is known as a natural pain reliever, reduces pain
Endorphins [ euphoria ]
103
course that recover within a few months only to suffer a recurrence of the disorder at a later time
episodic course
104
High Glutamate
Psychosis
Neuron Death
105
Brain structure related to Parkinson's disease
Basal Ganglia
106
unique genetic makeup
Genotypes
107
controls metabolism and growth
(thyroxine)
Thyroid
108
Middle ages treatment for psychological disorders
confinement, beatings and other forms of torture.
109
Long molecules of DNA at various locations on chromosomes, within cell nucleus
Genes
110
first example of associating psychological disorders with a
“chemical imbalance”
humoral theory
111
course tend to last a long time, sometimes a lifetime
chronic course
112
Suggested that the problem/Disorder was caused by an undetectable fluid found in all living organisms
Franz Mesmer
113
Part of limbic system responsible for emotions and aggression
Amygdala
114
High Norepinephrine
Mania
115
Excitatory
Agonist
116
Interesting and influential legacies of the Hippocratic-Galenic approach
humoral theory of disorders.
117
High Endorphin
None
118
Neurotransmitter is released, quickly broken down and brought back to the synaptic cleft
Reuptake
119
Treatment for psychological disorder in the 14tth century
exorcism, shaving hair in the cross shape, placing the sufferer in front of the church for hearing mass
120
makes sperm and release testosterone
Testes
121
observable characteristics
Phenotypes
122
Lobes
Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal
123
Criteria for determining Abnormal Behavior
✓ Norm-violation
✓ Statistical rarity
✓ Personal Discomfort
✓ Deviation
✓ Maladaptiveness
124
experience of an emotion seems to spread to those around us.
social/emotion contagion
125
Humor that came from the brain
phlegm
126
choleric
hot tempered
127
Deviates from the average or the norm of the culture
Deviance
128
rejected notions of possession by the devil, suggesting instead that the movements of the moon and stars had profound effects on people’s
psychological functioning.
Paracelsus
129
Genetic mechanisms that
ultimately contribute to the underlying problems
causing the symptoms and difficulties experienced
by people with psychological disorders
Endophenotypes
130
Neurotransmitter responsible for fight-or-flight response
Epinephrine [fight-or-flight]
131
Psychological dysfunction within an individual associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected
Psychological disorder
132
The systematic evaluation and
measurement of psychological, biological, and social
factors in an individual presenting with a possible psychological disorder
Clinical Assessment
133
treatment that measured amount of blood was removed from the body, often with leeches.
bleeding or bloodletting
134
Sexually transmitted
disease caused by a bacterial microorganism entering the brain, include believing that everyone is plotting against you (delusion of persecution) or that you are God (delusion of grandeur), as well as other bizarre behaviors.
Advanced syphilis
135
Parts of Limbic System
Hippocampus, Cingulate Gyrus, Septum, and Amygdala
136
Chemical messengers of the
body
Neurotransmitter
137
Low Norepinephrine
Depression
138
Low Serotonin
Depression
Anxiety
Eating Disorders
139
Melancholic
depressive
140
Those people who reported more severe stressful life
events and had at least one short allele of the 5-HTT
gene were at greater risk of developing depression
(Caspi et al., 2003) (serotonin-transporter gene)
True
141
Statistical analysis of
family, twin, and adoption studies; if the disorder can be inherited and how much is attributable to genetics
Basic Genetic Epidemiology
142
controls metabolism, blood pressure, sex development, stress (epinephrine)
Adrenal
143
Part of limbic system responsible for our ability to learn and for memory
Hippocampus
144
follow a somewhat individual pattern
course
145
considered the brain to be the seat of wisdom, consciousness, intelligence, and emotion.
Therefore, disorders involving these functions would logically be located in the brain
Hippocrates
146
Trait that doesn't show up unless paired with the same type of trait
Recessive
147
base of the forebrain, includes
caudate nucleus
Basal Ganglia
148
lethargy and despair was caused by
sloth or acedia
149
Damage in this brain structure involved changing our posture or twitching or shaking
Basal Ganglia
150
Looking for a systemic cause
Multidimensional
151
Treatment about restoring proper flow of wind
.
acupuncture
152
High Epinephrine can cause
Stress
Sleep Disorders
153
Scientific study of mental
disorders
Psychopathology
154
Most abundant neurotransmitter in the brain and plays a key role in thinking, learning, and memory
Glutamate (E) (memory)
155
strong psychosocial approach to mental disorders in which treating institutionalized patients as normally as possible in a setting that encouraged and reinforced normal social interaction.
moral therapy
156
who coined the word "hysteria"?
Hippocrates
157
Part of Autonomic Nervous system responsible for fight or flight responses
Sympathetic
158
caused by black bile flooding the brain
Melancholic
159
from yellow bile or choler
choleric
160
Problem/Disorder was caused by an undetectable fluid found in all living organisms
Animal magnetism or Mesmerism by Franz Mesmer
161
Also called as Mass Hysteria
Tarantism or Saint Vitus' Dance
162
Founder of modern psychiatry who used compassion and pioneering approach in treating mental illness during time of witchcraft in Europe
Johann Weyer
163
Psychotic patients deteriorated steadily, becoming paralyzed and died within 5 years of onset.
General Paresis
164
Who used Insulin Shock Therapy
Monfred Sakel
165
Said that schizophrenia is rarely observed to individuals with epilepsy
Joseph von Meduna
166
Now known as Schizophrenia
Dementia Praecox
167
Used and pioneered Moral therapy in France
Philippe Pinel and Jean Baptise Pussin
168
Moral therapy in England
William Tuke
169
Moral therapy in US
Benjamin Rush
170
Undetectable fluid found in all living organism
Animal magnetism
171
Ego Psychology
Anna Freud
172
Theory of formation of self-concept and the crucial attributes of the self that allow individual to progress toward health
Self-Psychology
173
Who proposed that formation of self-concept and the crucial attributes of the self that allow individual to progress toward health
Heinz Kohut
174
Study of how children incorporate the images, the memories, and sometimes the values of a person who was important to them
Object relations
175
children incorporate the images, the memories, and sometimes the values of a person who was important to them
Introjection
176
Who introduced the concept of collective unconcious which is wisdom accumulated by society and culture that is stored deep in individual memories and passed down from generation to generation?
Carl Jung
177
Created the term inferiority complex
Alfred Adler
178
Patients are instructed to say whatever comes to mind without the usual socially required censoring
free association
179
Therapist interprets the content of dreams
Dream analysis
180
patients come to relate to the therapist as much as they did to important figures in their childhood
transference
181
Therapist project some of their own personal issues and feelings usually positive onto the patient
Counter Transference
182
Highest potential in all areas of functioning
Self actualization
183
Who postulated Hierarchy of Needs?
Abraham Maslow
184
Beginning with our most basic physical needs
for food and sex and ranging upward to our needs for self- actualization, love, and self-esteem.
Hierarchy of Needs by Abraham Maslow
185
True or False: We can progress up the hierarchy until we have satisfied the needs at lower levels.
False, because according to Maslow we cannot progress up the hierarchy until we have satisfied the needs at lower levels.
186
Who originated Person-Centered Therapy?
Carl Rogers
187
In this approach, the therapist takes a passive role, making as few interpretations as possible. The point is to give the individual a chance to develop during the course of therapy, unfettered by threats to the self.
Person-centered therapy
188
the complete and almost unqualified acceptance of most of the client’s feelings and actions, is critical to the humanistic approach
Unconditional Positive Regard
189
Sympathetic understanding of the
individual’s particular view of the world.
Empathy
190
Who suggested that societies invented the concept of mental illness so that they can control people whose unusual patterns of functioning upset or threaten social order
Thomas Szasz
191
Who developed systematic desensitization
Joseph Wolpe
192
Who developed General Adaptation Syndome or GAS
Hans Selye
193
A three stage process that describes the physiological changes the body goes through when under stress
General Adaptation Syndrome
194
Type of learning in which neutral stimulus is paired with unconditioned stimulus until it elicits the desired response
Classical Conditioning
195
Who is behind classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
196
Natural Stimulus
Unconditioned stimulus
197
Unlearned response
Unconditioned response
198
Neutral stimulus will receive:
No response
199
newly conditioned event introduced
Conditioned stimulus
200
Response from the conditioned stimulus
Conditioned responseE
201
When the conditioned stimulus is not paired with the unconditioned stimulus for a long period of time, the behavior will be eliminated
Extinction
202
Strength of the response to similar objects or people is usually a function of how similar these objects or people are
Stimulus generalization
203
Who proposed introspection
Edward Titchener
204
Subjects report their inner thoughts and feelings after experiencing certain stimuli. "Armchair" psychology
Introspection
205
founder of behaviorism
John B. Watson
206
What experiment did John B Watson to demonstrate that a little child could be conditioned to fear a stimulus that the child was not previously afraid of. Like
Little Albert
207
Patients were gradually introduced to the objects or situations they feared so that their fear could extinguish.
Systematic Desensitization
208
Behavior changes as a function of what follows the behavior either punishment or reinforcement
Operant conditioning
209
the goal is to repeat the behavior
Reinforcement
210
The goal is to stop the behavior
punishment
211
who proposed operant conditioning?
B. F. Skinner
212
Who proposed Law of Effect
Edward Thorndlike
213
Behavior can be strengthened or weakened
Law of effect
214
Process of reinforcing successive approximations to a final behavior or set of behaviors
Shaping
215
Who speculated that the process of learning affects more than behavior; environment may occassionally turn on certain genes
Erik Kandel
216
Individuals inherit tendencies to express certain traits or behaviors, which may then be activated under conditions of stress
Diathesis-Stress Model
217
Condition that makes someone susceptible to developing disorder (vulnerability)
Diathesis
218
What does diathesis-stress model suggest?
The higher the vulnerability, the lesser life stress needed to trigger traits/disorder.
219
Nerve cells that transmit information throughout NS
Neurons
220
Receive messages from other nerve cells
Dendrites
221
Transmit impulses to other neurons
Axons
222
Connection to other neurons
Synapse
223
Electric impulses where information is transmitted
Action Potentials
224
225
End of axon
terminal button
226
Space between terminal button of one neuron and dendrite of another
Synaptic cleft
227
Modulate neurotransmitters activity
glial cells
228
229
Excitatory neurotransmitters that turns on many different neurons leading to action
Glutamate
230
High levels of glutamate is linked with
Parkinson's
Huntington's
Alzheimer's
231
Low levels of glutamate is linked to
learning and memory issues
232
Inhibitory neurotransmitter that inhibit the transmission of information and action potential
GABA
233
GABA stands for
Gamma- Amino Butyric Acid
234
GABA reduces levels of
Anger, hostility, aggression
235
Decreased GABA activity can cause
Mood disorders, anxiety , schizophrenia and ASD
236
Neurotransmitter that regulates our behavior, moods, and thought process
Serotonin
237
Low levels of serotonin
-Less inhibition, and with instability,
-impulsivity
- tendency to overreact
-aggression
-suicide
-excessive sexual behavior
238
SSRI stands for
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
239
Norepinephrine stimulate two groups of receptors called:
Alpha-adrenergic receptor
Beta-adrenergic receptor
240
High levels of norepinephrine can cause
-High blood pressure
-Arrythmia
241
Low levels of serotonin can cause
-Anxiety
-Depression
-ADHD
-Headaches
-Memory problems
-Poor impulse control
242
Neurotransmitter that relieves pain, reduces stress and improves well being
Endorphins
243
Tailoring the treatment based on the information of the client
Idiographic Strategy
244
Determining the general class of problems to which the presenting problem belongs
Nomothetic Strategy
245
Any effort to construct groups or categories and to assign objects and people to categories on the basis of their shared attributes or relations
Classifications
246
Classification of entities for scientific purposes
Taxonomy
247
Taxonomy of psychological or medical phenomena
Nosology
248
Describe the names or labels of the disorders that make up the nosology
Nomenclature
249
Year the DSM I was published
1952
250
How many mental disorders were there in DSM I
106
251
Distinguished personality disturbance from neurosis
DSM I
252
Published year of the DSM II, and the number of mental disorders
1968, 182
253
Strived toward atheorerical approach
DSM II
254
Homesexuality was referred as ___ in DSM II
Scythians Disease
255
DSM III published year, and how many disease
1980, 265
256
Number of mental disorders in DSM -R
292 mental disorders
257
Start of Multiaxial format (5 axis)
DSM III
258
Specified and written in detailed manner the criteria for identifying disorder
DSM III
259
Published year of DSM IV and how many disorders
1994, 297
260
There is a distinction between organically based disorders and psychologically based disorders
DSM IV
261
Published year of DSM IV-TR
2000
262
Contents of DSM IV TR
Mental retardation (IDD)
Autism (ASD)
Asperger's Syndrome
Childhood Disintegrative Disorder
263
Year of publication of DSM V
2013
264
Removed the axial system
DSM V
265
Usher in a system of classification wherein mental disorders exist along spectrum
DSM V
266
Year of publication of DSM V- TR
2022
267
New in DSM V TR
Prolonged grief disorder
268
Applied when symptoms do not meet the full criteria, but the clinician stated the specific reason why it is not met
Other Specified Disorders
269
Applied when symptoms do not meet the full criteria and the clinician chose to not specify the reason to make more specific diagnosis
Unspecified Disorder
270
Refers to the observation that in any open system a diversity of pathways may lead to same outcome
Equifinality
271
Any one component may function differently depending on the organization of the system in which it operates
Multifinality
272
Parts of Mental Status Exam:
-Apperance and behavior
-Thought process
-Mood and Affect
-Intellectual Functioning
- Sensorium
273
Pattern of behavior mostly acknowledged in Southeast Asia like Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines characterized by sudden outbursts and frenzied violent behaviors after a period of brooding and quiet.
Amok
274
