Abnormal Psychology Flashcards
PSYCHO
MIND
PATHOS
ILLNESS
LOGY
STUDY
The study of abnormal cognition, behavior and experiences
PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
It describes behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunctions that are unexpected in their cultural context
PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER
Biological explanation of depression
Low stimulation of the serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine
2 LONG STG
Low chance of getting a depression
1 SHORT 1 LONG
Moderate likelihood to have depression
2 SHORT
High chance to get depression
What is Mania?
Too much happiness, not the healthy type of happiness
What is the healthy type of happiness?
EUTHYMIA
Too much anxiety, confusion, obsessive thoughts, too much positive or negative feelings (4 D’S)
DISTRESS
They’re NOT AWARE that there’s something wrong with them
EGO SYNTONIC
They’re AWARE that there is something wrong with them
EGO DYSTONIC
Can’t function in school, work, or do anything in daily life (4 D’S)
DYSFUNCTION
Different from the norms in their usual self (4 D’s
DEVIANCE
Can hurt themselves or others (4 ‘Ds)
DANGER
Need measurement, how long it occur (4 D’s)
DURATION
A traditional shorthand way of indicating why the person came to the clinic
Presenting Problem “Presents”
A more persistent period of affect or emotionality
MOOD
Refers to the momentary emotional tone that accompanies what we say or do
AFFECT
How many people in the population as a whole (Ex. There are 18% of people suffering from depression.)
PREVALENCE
Statistics on how many new cases occur (Ex. In 2015, there are 18.5 people suffering from depression)
INCIDENCE
Age of onset, and possibly a different sex ratio and prevalence.
COURSE
Anticipated course of disorder
PROGNOSIS
Study of ORIGIN has to do with why a disorder begin
ETIOLOGY
During the last quarter of 14th century, religious and lay authorities supported these popular superstitions
Demons and Witches
Equally strong opinion, even during this period, reflected the enlightened view that insanity was a natural phenomenon
Stress and Melancholy
Spiritual and mental laziness (Treatment: rest, sleep and to have a happy healthy environment)
Sin of Acedia/Sloth
Exorcism, confinement, beatings, and other forms of torture
TREATMENTS FOR POSSESSIONS
Also called “Conversion Disorder” (In DSM-5) and “Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder”
HYSTERIA
Large scale outbreaks of bizarre behavior
MASS HYSTERIA
The movements of the moon and the stars profound effects on people’s psychological functioning
The Moon and the Stars
“Hippocratic Corpus” suggested that psychological disorders could be treated like any other disease
Hippocrates and Galen
Assume that normal brain functioning was related to four fluids of humors
HUMORAL THEORY OF DISORDERS
BLOOD
HEART
BLACK BILE
APDO(?)
YELLOW BILE
LIVER
PHLEGM
BRAIN
Behavioral and cognitive symptoms of what we know as advance ___
SYPHILIS
The champion of the biological tradition in the United State
John P. Gray
To stimulate appetite in psychotic patients who were not eating
Insulin Shock Therapy (IST)
Benjamin Franklin, accidentally discovered and then confirmed experimentally in the 1750s, that a mild and modest electric shock to the head produced brief convulsion and memory loss
Electroconvulsive Therapy
Referred more to emotional or psychological factors rather than to a code of conduct
Moral Therapy
She campaigned “Mental Hygiene Movement”
Dorothea Dix
To accept a linear or one dimensional model, which attempts to trace the origins of behavior to a single cause
ONE DIMENSIONAL VERSUS MULTIDIMENSIONAL MODELS
What is PREDISPOSITION?
Genetics, nasayo na siya automatically
What is PRECIPITATING?
Environmental Trigger
What is PERPETUATING?
Whatever maintains that level of stress
Must have deteriorated in everyday functioning (work, interpersonal relations, self care, etc) for at least 6 months for reasons not attributable to other disorders
SCHIZOPHRENIA
What are the POSITIVE SYMPTOMS?
Hallucinations, Delusions, Disorganized thinking/speech/movement
What are the NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS
Avolition, Affective Flattening, Alogia, Anhedonia, Asociality
What is Observational Learning?
When people learn new things just by watching others, without having to do it themselves
Involves adding and subtracting from the observed behavior and generalizing from one observation to another
MODELING
Our brains are naturally ready to learn certain things because they help us stay safe and survive
PREPARED LEARNING
When someone feels like they can’t change a bad situation because they’ve tried before and nothing worked
LEARNED HELPLESSNESS
Involves developing the ability to view the world from a positive point of view
LEARNED OPTIMISM
Accurately reach and distinguish objects perform most of the functions usually associated with sight even if the person lost the sense of sight
Blind sight or Unconscious vision
When someone clearly acts on the basis of things that have happened in the past but can’t remember the events
EXPLICIT MEMORY
When someone remembers how to do something or reacts to something because of past experiences, but they don’t consciously remember the specific event
IMPLICIT MEMORY
The alarm reaction that activates during potentially life threatening emergencies
Flight or Fight response
Sustained hostility with angry outbursts and repeatedly and continually suppressing anger contributes more strongly to death from heart disease than other well-known risk factors, including smoking, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol levels
Anger and Your Heart
Fear and Phobias are not universal. But what we fear is strongly influenced by our social environment.
A. Only the first statement is true
B. Only the second statement is true
C. Both sentence are wrong
D. Both sentence are correct
B. Only the second statement is true
A cognitive bias that makes us think that we will change very little in the years to come
“The End of History” Illusions
Used in developmental psychopathology to indicate that we must consider a number of paths to a given outcome
The Principle of Equifinality
The systematic evaluation and measurement of psychological, biological, and social factors in an individual presenting with a possible psychological disorder
CLINICAL ASSESSMENT
More specific and focuses on understanding a person’s psychological functioning, like their emotions, thoughts, and behaviors
PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT
The process of determining whether the particular problem afflicting the individual meets all the criteria for a psychological disorder
DIAGNOSIS
The degree to which a measurement is consistent
RELIABILITY
Whether something measures what it is designed to measure
VALIDITY
The process by which a certain set of standards or norms is determined for a technique to make its use consistent across different measurements
STANDARDIZATION
Involves the systematic observation of an individual’s behavior
The Mental Status Exam (MSE)
They include a variety of methods in which ambiguous stimuli, such as pictures of people or things, are presented to people who are asked to describe what they see
PROJECTIVE TEST
Self report questionnaires that assess personal traits
PERSONALITY INVENTORIES
Measures the IQ of an individual
INTELLIGENCE TESTING
Measures the abilities in areas such as receptive and expressive language, attention and concentration, memory, motor skills, perceptual abilities, and learning and abstraction
NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS
Refers to measurable changes in the nervous system that reflect emotional or psychological events
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY
Determine what is unique about an individual’s personality, cultural background, or circumstances
IDIOGRAPHIC STRATEGY
Determine a general class of problems to which the presenting problem belongs
NOMOTHETIC STRATEGY
Construct groups or categories and to assign objects or people to these categories on the basis of their shared attributes or relations, a nomothetic strategy
CLASSIFICATION
The classification of entities for scientific purposes, such as insects, rocks, or if the subject is psychology, behaviors
TAXONOMY
If you apply a taxonomic system to psychological or medical phenomena or other clinical areas
NOSOLOGY
Describe the names or labels of the disorders that make up the nosology (for example, anxiety or mood disorder)
NOMENCLATURE
Assume that every diagnosis has a clear underlying pathophysiological cause, such as a bacterial infection or a malfunctioning endocrine system, and that each disorder is unique
The Classical (or pure) categorical approach
Note the variety of cognitions, moods, and behaviors with which the patient presents and quantify them on a scale
Dimensional Approach
This alternative identifies certain essential characteristics of an entity so that you (and others) can classify it, but it also allows certain nonessential variations that do not necessarily change the classification
Prototypical Approach
Published in 1952 by the American Psychiatric Association
DSM I
In 1968, the American Psychiatric Association published a second edition.
DSM II
Attempted to take an atheoretical approach to diagnosis, relying on precise descriptions of the disorders as they presented to clinicians rather than on psychoanalytic or biological theories of etiology
DSM III AND DSM-III-R
The most substantial change was that the distinction between organically based disorders and psychologically based that was present in previous editions was eliminated
DSM IV AND DSM IV-TR
Published in the spring of 2013. Introduces cross-cutting dimensional symptom measures, These assessments are not specific to any particular disorder but rather evaluate in a global sense important symptoms that are often present across disorders in almost all patients
DSM V
