Abnormal Psychology Flashcards
1
Q
Study of nature, symptomatology, development, and treatment of psychological disorders.
A
Psychopathology
2
Q
Challenges to the study of Psychopathology
A
Maintaining objectivity
Avoiding preconceived notions
Reducing stigma
3
Q
Key Characteristics in the DSM Definition of Mental Disorder
A
Personal Distress
Disability
Violation of Social Norms
Dysfunction
4
Q
Breakdown in cognitive, emotional or behavioral functioning
A
Psychological Dysfunction
5
Q
The internal mechanism is unable to perform its usual functioning
A
Psychological Dysfunction
6
Q
A person’s behavior may be classified as disordered if it causes him or her great distress.
A
Personal Distress
7
Q
Impairment in some important areas of life, characterize mental disorder.
A
Disability
8
Q
Impaired is set in what context?
A
A person’s background.
9
Q
Reaction is outside cultural norms, considered abnormal as it occurs infrequently and deviates from average.
A
Violation of Social Norms
10
Q
A widely accepted system that is used to classify psychological problems and disorders.
A
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)
11
Q
The diagnostic criteria for behaviors that can be found in the DSM
A
Fit a pattern
Cause dysfunction or subjective distress
Are present for specified duration
And for behaviors that are not otherwise explainable.
12
Q
A syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation and behavior that reflects dysfunction in the psychological, biological or developmental processes underlying mental functioning.
A
Mental Disorder
13
Q
Social deviant behavior and conflicts that are primarily between the individual and society are not mental disorders unless deviance or conflict results from what? (American Psychiatric Association, 2013)
A
Dysfunction in the individual
14
Q
Ph.D.’s
A
Clinical and counseling psychologist
15
Q
Psy.D.’s
A
Clinical and counseling “Doctors of Psychology”
16
Q
RPsy’s
A
Registered Psychologists
17
Q
M.D.’s
A
Psychiatrists
18
Q
M.S.W.’s
A
Psychiatric and non-psychiatric social workers
19
Q
MN/MSN’s
A
Psychiatric Nurses
20
Q
What are the included descriptions of mental health professionals in the Dimension of the Scentist-Practitioner Model?
A
Consumer of Science, Evaluator of Science, Creator of Science
21
Q
Clinical Description: What is the presenting problem of the client?
A
Presents
22
Q
Clinical Description: How many people in the population as a whole have the disorder?
A
Prevalence
23
Q
Clinical Description: How many new cases occur during a given period, such as a year?
A
Incidence
24
Q
Clinical Description: How’s the beginning of the disorder?
A
Onset
25
Clinical Description: Disorder begins suddenly
Acute onset
26
Clinical Description: Disorder develops gradually
Insidious Onset
27
Clinical Description: Disorders follow a somewhat individual pattern
Course
28
Clinical Description: Disorders tend to last a long time.
Chronic Course
29
Clinical Description: Disorders likely to recover and to suffer a recurrence
Episodic course
30
Clinical Description: Disorders will improve without treatment in a relatively short period
Time-limited course
31
Clinical Description: What contributes to the development of psychopathology?
Etiology
32
Clinical Description: How can we help to alleviate psychological suffering?
Includes pharmacologic, psychosocial and/or combined.
Treatment Development
33
Clinical Description: The anticipated course of a disorder (good or guarded)
Prognosis
34
Clinical Description: How do we know that we have helped? Limited in specifying actual causes of disorders.
Treatment Outcome Research
35
The doctrine that an evil being or spirit can dwell within a person and control his or her mind and body thereby can be treated by Exorcism.
Demonology
36
The ritualistic casting out of evil spirits.
Exorcism
37
Cutting holes to the skull in the belief that evil spirits may come out.
Trephination
38
Patients were shocked back to their senses by being submerged in ice-cold water.
Hydrotherapy
39
According to him, mental disturbances have natural (not supernatural) causes. (5th century BC)
Hippocrates
40
4 humors according to Hippocrates
Blood, Black bile, Yellow bile & Phlegm
Sanguine, Melancholia, Choleric & Phlegmatic
41
3 Categories of Mental disturbance according to Hippocrates
Mania, Melancholia & Phrenitis
42
The age when church gained influence, and the papacy was declared independent of the state.
Dark Ages
43
They replaced physicians as healers and as authorities in mental disorder in the Dark Ages.
Christian Monasteries
44
They cared and prayed for mentally ill and used concocted potions during the dark ages
Monks
45
When did the persecution of the witches begin?
13th century
46
It was viewed as instigated by Satan, and was seen as heresy and a denial of God.
Witchcraft
47
Historians concluded many of the accused of __ were mentally ill and were punished by torture.
Witchcraft
48
Municipal authorities assumed responsibility for the care of mentally ill during the 13th century in England.
Lunacy Trials
49
__ was held to determine sanity and we're conducted under the Crowns right to protect the people with mental illness.
Trials
50
Attributes insanity to misalignment of moon and stars.
Lunacy
51
The defendant's ______ were at issue in the lunacy trial.
Orientation, memory, Intellect, daily life and habits
52
Characterized by large-scale outbreaks of bizarre behavior.
Mass Hysteria
53
In __, whole groups of people were simultaneously compelled to run out in the streets, dance, shout, rave and jump around in patterns as if they were at a particularly wild party late at night but without music.
Europe
54
Rave was known by several names, including what?
Saint Vitus's Dance and Tarantism.
55
Characterized as a time of extreme cultural and scientific growth and a decline of religious influence.
Renaissance and the Rise of Asylums
56
First physician to specialize in illnesses of mind.
Johann Weyer
57
First religious mental health facility
Gheel Belgium
58
First medical mental Asylum
Bethlehem Hospital, Spain.
59
Establishment for the confinement and care of mentally ill.
Asylum
60
One of the first mental institutions that eventually became one of London's great tourist attractions; origin of the term bedlam.
St. Mary of Bethlehem (1243)
61
He recommended drawing copious amounts of blood and believed that they could be cured by being frightened.
Benjamin Rush
62
They pioneered humanitarian treatment of LaBicetre
Philippe Pinel and Jean- Baptiste Pussin (18th-19th century)
63
He is said to have begun to treat the patients as sick human beings rather than as beasts. He also unchained the patients and allowed them to move freely about the hospital grounds.
Philippe Pinel
64
Small, privately funded, humanitarian mental hospitals.
Moral Treatment
65
Patients engaged in purposeful, calming activities and talked with attendants.
Moral Treatment
66
He founded the York retreat and brought similar reforms to Northern England.
William Tuke (1732-1819)
67
A rural estate where about 30 mental patients lived as guests in quiet country houses and were treated with a combination of rest, talk, prayer and manual work.
York Retreat
68
Crusader for prisoners and mentally ill. She urged improvement of institutions known as the Mental Hygiene Movement.
Dorothea Dix (1802-1887)
69
Implemented actions aimed at reducing the preconditions for mental illness by taking such social measures as the right upbringing, selection of decent work, adequate living and working conditions, and fast and accessible psychiatric services.
Mental Hygiene Movement
70
Dorothea Dix worked to establish how many new public hospitals?
32
71
He established the germ theory of disease, which set forth the view that disease is caused by infection of the body by minute organisms.
Louis Pasteur (1860s)
72
Degenerative disorder with psychological symptoms and individuals with Gp also have syphilis.
General Paresis
73
In 1905 occurred the discovery of microorganism that causes what?
Syphilis.
74
His work led to the notion that mental illness can be inherited, in the late 1800s.
Galton
75
Extent to which behavioral differences are due to genetics.
Behavioral Genetics
76
Promotion of enforced sterilization to eliminate undesirable characteristics from the population.
Eugenics
77
Many state laws (late 1800's and early 1900s) prohibited __ and required mentally ill to be sterilized.
Marriage
78
By 1945, more than __ people with mental illness in the United States had been forcibly sterilized.
45,000
79
Inducing a coma with large dosages of insulin and who developed it.
Insulin-coma Therapy (Manfred Sakel, 1927)
80
Applying electric shocks that produce epileptic seizures to the sides of the human head and who developed it?
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) by Cerletti & Bini (1938)
81
A surgical procedure that destroys the tracts connecting the frontal lobes to other areas of the brain and who developed it?
Prefrontal lobotomy, Egas Moniz (1935)
82
Often led to listleness, apathy and lack of some cognitive abilities.
Prefrontal Lobotomy
83
He pioneered classification of mental illness based on biological causes and published 1st psychiatry text (1883)
Emil Kraepelin (1856-1926)
84
Emil Kraepelin: Mental illness as __ or cluster of symptoms that co-occur.
Syndrome
85
The 2 major syndromes proposed by Emil Kraepelin
Dementia Praecox
Manic-depressive psychosis
86
He treated patients with hysteria using "animal magnetism"
Mesmer (1734-1815)
87
Mesmer was an early practitioner of hypnosis called what?
Mesmerism
88
According to him, hysteric symptoms could be removed through hypnosis.
Jean Martin Charcot (1825-1893)
89
Hysteric symptoms, based on Jean Martin Charcot was a problem with __ and had __cause. He was persuaded by psychological explanations.
Nervous system, Biological Cause.
90
Used hypnosis to facilitate catharsis, the case of Anna O.
Josef Breuer (1842-1925)
91
Release of emotional tension triggered by reliving and talking about event.
Catharsis
92
In 1895, Breuer and Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), jointly published _, partly based on the case of Anna O.
Studies in Hysteria
93
It posits that human behavior is determined by unconscious forces and psychopathology results from conflicts among these unconscious forces.
Psychoanalytic theory
94
Give the overview of Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory.
Structure of Mind and Personality
Theory of Psychosexual Stages Development
Defense Mechanisms
Techniques of Psychoanalysis
95
She concentrated on the way in which the defensive reactions of the ego determine our behavior, Freud's daughter.
Anna Freud (1895-1982)
96
Anna Freud was the first proponent of the modern field of ego psychology. What did she publish?
Ego and Mechanism of Defense (1946)
97
He focused on a theory of the formation of self-concept and the crucial attributes of the self that allows an individual to progress toward health or develop neurosis.
Heinz Kohut (1913-1981)
98
Psychoanalytic approach about the theory of the formation of self-concept and the crucial attributes of the self that allows an individual to progress toward health or develop neurosis.
Self- Psychology
99
He developed Analytical Psychology and broke with Freud in 1914. He also catalogued various personality characteristics.
Carl Jung (1875-1961)
100
In addition to the personal unconscious postulated by Freud, there is a collective unconscious.
Analytical Psychology
101
Regarded people as inextricably tied to their society because fulfillment was found in doing things for the social good.
Alfred Adler (1870-1937)
102
He focused on feelings of inferiority and the striving for superiority. He also created the term inferiority complex.
Alfred Adler (1870-1937)
103
They emphasized development over the life span and the influence of culture and society on personality.
Kareh Horney (1885-1952) and Erich Fromm (1900-1980)
104
He developed the theory of development across the life span or the Psychosocial Development
Erik Erikson (1902-1994)
105
A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus is paired with a response until it elicits that response.
Classical Conditioning
106
Whose experiment was Classical conditioning in 1897?
Ivan Pavlov
107
Elements of Learning in Classical Conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Conditioned " (CS)
Unconditioned Response (UR)
Conditioned Response (CR)
108
Developer of Behaviorism, revolutionized psychology in 1913.
John Watson
109
Strongly influenced by the work of Pavlov. Emphasis on learning rather than innate tendencies, it focuses on observable behavior.
Behaviorism
110
John Watson and Rosalie Rayner experimented on __ (1920)
Rosalie Rayner
111
She was one of the first psychologists to use behavioral techniques to free a patient from phobia.
Mary Cover Jones (1896-1987)
112
Individuals were gradually introduced to the objects or situations they feared so that their fear could extinguish.
Case of Little Peter
113
His best known technique was termed systematic desensitization.
Joseph Wolpe (1915-1997)
114
It was similar to the treatment of little Peter, with the addition of another element, by having the patients do something that was incompatible with fear while they were in the presence of the dreaded object or situation.
Systematic Desensitization
115
His theory was about Learning through consequences or Law of Effect.
Edward Thorndike (1874-1949)
116
Behaviors followed by pleasant stimuli are strengthened.
Positive Reinforcement
117
Behaviors that terminate a negative stimulus are strengthened.
Negative Reinforcement
118
He was behind the Principle of Reinforcement.
Burrhus Frederic Skinner (B.F.) (1904-1990)
119
Learning by imitating other's behavior, can occur without reinforcement.
Modeling
120
They proved that modeling reduced children's fear of dogs.
Bandura & Menlove (1968)
121
Self-actualizing was the watchword for this movement. The underlying assumption is that all of us could reach our highest potential, in all areas of functioning, if only we had the freedom to grow.
Humanistic Theory
122
What conditions may move you away from your true self according to Humanistic Theory?
Difficult living conditions
Stressful life/experiences
123
He was the most systematic in describing the structure of personality.
Abraham Maslow
124
What did Abraham Maslow postulate?
Hierarchy of Needs
125
Originated client-centered therapy.
Carl Rogers (1902-1987)
126
The therapist takes a passive role, making as few interpretations as possible.
Client-Centered/ Person-centered Therapy
127
Developed a cognitive therapy for depression based on the idea that depressed mood is caused by distortions in the way people perceive life experiences.
Aaron Beck (1921-present)
128
Principal thesis was that sustained emotional reactions are caused by internal sentences that people repeat to themselves (self-statements).
Albert Ellis (1913-2007)
129
It reflects sometimes unspoken assumptions- irrational beliefs according to Albert Ellis.
Self statements
130
Albert Ellis developed __ therapy in 1993.
Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
131
The perspectives used to explain events in science are called __.
Models/Paradigms
132
This paradigm shows how behavior, abnormal behavior and psychopathology are being influenced by the interaction of the genes and the environment.
The Genetic-Environment Paradigm
133
Many recent studies suggest that __ is an important predisposing causal factor for a number of different disorders- such as depression, schizophrenia and alcoholism.
Heredity
134
Relatives of patients with schizophrenia are at increased risk, and the risk increases as the genetic relationship between proband and relative becomes __.
Closer
135
Genetic influences rarely express themselves in a __ manner.
Simple & Straightforward
136
__, unlike some physical characteristics is not determined exclusively by genetic endowment.
Behavior
137
It means that a given person's sensitivity or reaction to an environmental event is influenced by genes.
Gene-environment interaction
138
___ found that individuals who had either short-short allele or & Short-long allele combinations of the 5-HTT gene and were maltreated as children are more likely to have depression.
Caspi et al., 2003
139
5-HTT
Serotonin Transporter Gene
140
Whose more likely to have depression as adults?
Same gene combination w/o childhood maltreatment vs Maltreated as children w/ long-long allele vs short short/short long allele combinations of the 5-HTT gene w/ maltreatment as children
short short/short long allele combinations of the 5-HTT gene w/ maltreatment as children
141
Examines the contribution of brain structure and function to psychopathology.
Neuroscience
142
Chemicals that allow neurons to send a signal across the synapse to another neuron.
Neurotransmitter
143
Receptor sites on postsynaptic neurons that absorb neurotransmitters.
Excitatory
Inhibitory
144
Reabsorption of leftover neurotransmitter by presynaptic neurons.
Reuptake
145
Neurotransmitter that enables muscle action, learning and memory and deteriorates with Alzheimer's disease.
Acetylcholine (ACh)
146
Neurotransmitter that influences movement, learning, attention and emotion.
Dopamine
147
Oversupply of dopamine linked to __, while undersupply linked to __ and decreased __ in Parkinson's disease.
Schizophrenia
Tremors
Mobility
148
Neurotransmitter that affects mood, hunger, sleep and arousal. It's undersupply linked to depression.
Serotonin
149
Neurotransmitter that helps control alertness and arousal. Its undersupply can depress mood.
Norepinephrine
150
A major inhibitory neurotransmitter. Its undersupply linked to seizures, tremors and insomnia.
GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid)
151
A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory.
Glutamate
152
Oversupply of glutamate can overstimulate brain producing __ (which is why some people avoid MSG , monosodium glutamate in food).
Migraines or seizures
153
Part of hindbrain that plays a role in vital life-support functions such as heart rate, respiration and blood pressure.
Medulla oblongata
154
It helps coordinate movements as it relays sensory information between the cerebellum and higher regions of the brain.
Pons
155
It is responsible for the coordination of voluntary motor activities, balance and posture, learning of habits and skills, and regulates tongue and jaw.
Cerebellum
156
It contains tectum, tegmentum and substantia nigra that coordinate movement with sensory input.
Midbrain
157
Midbrain also contains parts of the _, which contributes to the processes of arousal and tension, such as whether we are awake or sleep.
Reticular Activating System
158
It relays sensory information (except smell) to the higher regions of the brain.
Thalamus
159
It plays a key role in many vital bodily functions, including regulation of body temperature, concentration of fluids in the blood and reproductive processes as well as emotional and motivational state.
Hypothalamus
160
Connects the right and left hemispheres of the brain.
Corpus Callosum
161
Part of the forebrain that plays important roles in emotional processing and memory.
Limbic System
162
Responsible for the response and memory of emotions, especially fear.
Amygdala
163
Responsible for the process of long term memory and emotional responses.
Hippocampus
164
One of the reward centers of the brain that can be found in the forebrain.
Nucleus Accumbents
165
Outermost layer of the brain. Responsible for thinking and processing information from the five senses.
Cerebral Cortex
166
Responsible for control of the left side of the body; more responsive in emotions.
Right Hemisphere
167
Responsible for control of the right side of the body.
Left hemisphere
168
A lobe of the cerebral cortex that is involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments.
Frontal Lobe
169
The lobe that is a receipt of sensations of touch, pressure, pain, temperature and body position.
Parietal Lobe
170
The lobe that includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear.
Temporal Lobe
171
The lobe that integrates and makes sense of various visual inputs.
Occipital
172
A network of neurons connecting the brain to our sense organs- our eyes, ears and so on- as well as our glands and muscles.
Peripheral Nervous System
173
Transmit messages from our sensory organs to the brain for processing, leading to the experience of visual, auditory, tactile and other sensations.
Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
174
Regulates the glands and involuntary processes
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
175
Excitatory; Causes heartbeat acceleration, raises blood pressure, pupil dilation, gastrointestinal inhibition, electrodermal activity increases.
Sympathetic Nervous System
176
Conserves energy; Heartbeat deceleration, pupil constriction, gastrointestinal activation. Involved in anxiety related disorders.
Parasympathetic Nervous System
177
HPA axis is central to the body's response to stress and stress figures prominently in many of the disorders.
Neuroendocrine System
178
Secretes cortisol and other hormones that elevate blood sugar and increase the metabolic rate throughout the body.
Adrenal Cortex
179
__ drugs alter neurotransmitter activity.
Psychoactive Drugs
180
Abnormal symptoms are viewed in psychodynamic model as the result of __.
Conflicts between psychological forces/ Intrapsychic conflicts
181
Psychodynamic theories rest on the __ assumption that no symptom of behavior is accidental.
Deterministic assumption
182
Psychodynamic model was first formulated by a Viennese neurologist who later developed the theory of psychoanalysis.
Sigmund Freud
183
Based on psychodynamic theory, the depths of the unconscious are the hurtful memories, forbidden desires and other experiences that have been __ or pushed out of consciousness.
Repressed
184
Until repressed unconscious material is brought to awareness and integrated into the conscious part of the mind, it may lead to __ behavior.
Irrational/ Maladaptive
185
It is the part of the mind that corresponds to our present awareness.
Conscious
186
Are memories that are not in awareness but that can be brought into awareness by focusing on them.
Preconscious
187
The largest part of the mind, remains shrouded in mystery.
Unconscious
188
The repository of our basic biological impulses or drives, primarily sexual and aggressive.
Instincts
189
It operates completely in the unconscious, following the pleasure principle. It demands instant gratification of instincts without consideration of social rules or customs or the needs of others.
Id
190
It develops during the first year to organize reasonable ways of coping with frustration. Standing for "reason and good sense", seeking to curb the demands of the id and to direct behavior in keeping with social customs.
Ego
191
It develops from the internalization of the moral standards and values of our parents and other key people in our lives.
Superego
192
The stage in Psychosexual development where the primary satisfaction from sucking and chewing, from birth to 18 months.
Oral Stage
193
The stage in Psychosexual development where pleasure is derived from elimination, occurring from 18 months to 3 years old.
Anal Stage
194
The stage in Psychosexual development where pleasure is derived from sexual organs, from 3-6 years old.
Phallic Stage
195
The stage in Psychosexual development where sexual impulse is not a factor by a 6-12 years old.
Latency Period
196
The stage in Psychosexual development where heterosexual interests predominate in adulthood.
Genital Stage
197
He believes that an understanding of human behavior must incorporate self-awareness and self-direction to achieve self realization.
Carl Jung
198
Carl Jung believed that not only do we have a personal unconscious, a repository of repressed memories and impulses, but we also inherit a __ which is a repository of certain archetypal images that are being passed from generation to generation.
Collective unconscious
199
Carl Jung catalogued personality traits into different __?
Dimensions
200
According to Alfred Adler, people are basically driven by what?
Inferiority
201
What are the basis of feelings of inferiority, based on Alfred Adler?
Physical deficits and the resulting need to compensate for them.
202
Feelings of inferiority lead to a powerful drive for what?
Superiority
203
In a healthy personality, strivings for dominance are tempered by what?
Devotion to helping other people.
204
Another central element in Adler's work is helping patients change their __.
Illogical/Mistaken Ideas/Expectations
205
According to her, children who harbor deep-seated resentment toward their parents may develop basic hostility.
Karen Horney
206
Basic hostility was due to what?
Harsh and uncaring parenting but may be repressed.
207
A feeling of being isolated and helpless in a potentially hostile world, which may develop once basic hostility was repressed.
Basic Anxiety
208
Hornet's neurotic trends may today be conceived as what?
Personality Disorders.
209
Horney' Theory and Personality Disorders
Cluster A-
Cluster B-
Cluster C-
Detached
Aggressive
Compliant
210
He focused on psychosocial development and attributed more importance to social relationships and formation of personal identity than to unconscious processes.
Erik Erikson
211
Focuses on how children come to develop symbolic representations of important others in their lives, especially their parents.
Object Relations Theory
212
According to her, we introject or incorporate into our own personalities parts of parental figures in our lives and come to influence our perceptions and behaviors.
Margareth Mahler
213
From the theory of object relations, we experience __ as the attitudes of interjected people battle with our own.
Internal conflict
214
The essence of this theory is that the type or style of an infant's attachment to his or her caregiver can set the stage for psychological health or problems later in life.
Attachment Theory
215
The ego is strong enough to control the instincts of __ and to withstand the condemnation of the __.
Id; superego
216
Freud equated psychological health with what?
Abilities to love and to work.
217
According to Adler, psychological health involves efforts to compensate for feelings of inferiority by __ to achieve normality.
Striving to excel in one or more of the arenas of human endeavors.
218
According to Mahler, how can a person develop as individuals- as their own persons?
Ability to separate one's own ideas and feelings from those of the introjected objects.
219
This happens when the balance among psychic structures is lopsided.
Abnormality
220
What may be the result when the urges of the id spill forth, untempered by an ego that is either weakened or underdeveloped?
Psychosis (Loss of touch with reality)
221
What happens when some unconscious impulses leak?
Anxiety or psychological disorders
222
Underlying conflicts that give rise to the psychological disorders originate in __ and are buried in the depths of the unconscious.
Childhood.
223
Freud placed too much emphasis on __ impulses and underemphasized __.
Sexual and aggressive impulses
Social relationship
224
Focuses on the role of learning in explaining both normal and abnormal behavior.
The Learning-Based Models
225
Abnormal behavior represents the acquisition or learning of __.
Inappropriate/Maladaptive behaviors
226
Behaviorists focus on the roles of two forms of learning in shaping both normal and abnormal behavior, which are:
Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning
227
It is based on Pavlov's salivary Conditioning experiment.
Classical Conditioning
228
Phobias or excessive fears may be acquired by __.
Classical conditioning
229
According to this, responses are acquired and strengthened by their consequences.
Operant Conditioning
230
Behaviors that occur again after rewarding consequences, overtime become __.
Habits
231
Changes in the environment (stimuli) that increase the frequency of the preceding behavior.
Reinforcers
232
Commonly called rewards, boost the frequency of a behavior when they are introduced or presented.
Positive Reinforcers
233
Removal of a reinforcing stimulus to decrease the frequency of behavior when they are removed.
Negative reinforcers
234
Aversive stimuli that decrease the frequency of the behavior they follow.
Punishment
235
Presenting the aversive stimulus to decrease the frequency of the behavior they follow.
Positive Punishment
236
Removal of a reinforcing stimulus to decrease the frequency of the behavior.
Negative Punishment
237
Expanded traditional learning theory by including roles for thinking or cognition and learning by observation called modeling.
Social-Cognitive Theory
238
Social cognitive theorists argue that factor within the person, such as __, __ and __ also need to be considered in explaining human behavior.
Expectancies, Values places on particular goals and observational learning.
239
Normality from __ perspective involves responding adaptively to stimuli, including conditioned stimuli.
Learning Perspective
240
Behaviorism alone can explain the richness of human behavior and human experience can be reduced to observable responses. True or False?
False.
241
Behaviorism does not seem to address much of what it means to be human. True or False?
True.
242
Social cognitive theory places too little emphasis on what contribution to behavior?
Genetic contribution
243
Models that emphasize the personal freedom human beings have in making conscious choices that imbue their lives with a sense of meaning and purpose.
Humanistic models
244
Two principal figured in humanistic psychology, believed that people have an inborn tendency toward self-actualization-to strive to become all they are capable of being.
Carl Rogers (1902-1987) and Abraham Maslow (1908-1970
245
Rogers held that abnormal behavior results from what?
Distorted concept of the self.
246
Parents can help children develop a positive self concept by showing them _.
Unconditional Positive Regard
247
Children will learn to disown their thoughts and feelings and behaviors their parents have rejected when parents show children __.
Conditional Positive Regard
248
Thinking of themselves as worthwhile only if they behave in certain approved ways.
Conditions of Worth
249
Pathway to self-actualization from a humanistic view:
Self discovery & self-acceptance
Getting in touch with true feelings, accepting them as own
Acting in ways that genuinely reflect true feelings.
250
Primary strength and also primary weakness of humanistic models.
Conscious experience
251
Study the cognitions- thoughts, beliefs, expectations and attitudes- that accompany and may underlie abnormal behavior.
Cognitive Models
252
Theorists that focus on how reality is colored by our expectations, attitudes and so forth and how inaccurate or biased processing of information about the world and our place within it can give rise to abnormal behavior.
Cognitive theorists
253
Information about the world is input through the person's sensory and perceptual processes, manipulated, stored, retrieved and then output in the form of acting upon the information.
Information-Processing Models
254
Psychological disorders may represent __ in how information is processed.
Disruption/Disturbances
255
Manipulation of information may also be distorted by what cognitive therapists call __.
Cognitive Distortions or Errors in Thinking
256
Believed that troubling events in themselves do not lead to anxiety, depression or disturbed behavior but distorted or irrational thinking patterns lead to emotional problems and maladaptive behavior.
Albert Ellis
257
What approach did Ellis use to explain the causes of misery?
ABC Approach (Activating Event- Belief- Consequences)
258
What model of therapy did Ellis develop to help people dispute irrational beliefs and substitute more rational ones?
Rational-emotive behavior Therapy
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Aaron Beck proposed that depression may result from what?
Errors in Thinking or "Cognitive Distortions"
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What major model of therapy did Beck developed, which focuses on helping individuals with psychological disorder identify and correct faulty ways of thinking?
Cognitive Therapy
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What are the 4 basic types of cognitive distortions according to Aaron Beck?
Selective Abstraction
Overgeneralization
Magnification
Absolutist thinking
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People may focus exclusively on the parts of their experiences that reveal their flaws and ignore evidence of their competencies.
Selective Abstraction
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People may overgeneralize from a few isolated experiences.
Overgeneralization
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People may blow out of proportion or magnify the importance of unfortunate events.
Magnification
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Seeing the world in black and white terms, rather than in shades of gray.
Absolutist thinking
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What is the major issue concerning cognitive perspective?
Their range of applicability
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Cognitive models have more impact on the development of treatment approaches of more severe forms of disturbed behavior. True or False?
False- less impact
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Seek causes of abnormal behavior in the failures of society rather than in the person.
The Sociocultural Perspective (SCP)
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According to him, "abnormal" is merely a label society attaches to people whose behavior deviates from accepted social norms.
Thomas Szasz (1961, 2000)
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Holds that people from lower socioeconomic groups are at greater risk of severe behavior problems because living in poverty subjects them to a greater level of social stress than that faced by more well-to-do people.
Social Causation Model
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Suggests that problem behaviors, such as alcoholism, lead people to drift downward in social status.
Downward Drift Hypothesis
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Sociocultural theorists have focused much needed attention to the __ only that can lead to abnormal behavior.
Social stressors
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It examines contributions of multiple factors spanning biological, psychological and sociocultural domains, as well as their interactions in the development of psychological disorders.
The Biopsychosocial Perspective
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Posits that psychological disorders arise from an interaction of vulnerability factors (primarily biological in nature) and stressful life experiences.
Diathesis-Stress Model
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Underlying predisposition, may be biological or psychological. Increases one's risk of developing disorder
Diathesis
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Environmental events; May occur at any point after conception; triggering event.
Stress
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The strength as well as the greatest weakness of biopsychosocial perspective.
Very complexity
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Commonly referred to as "talk therapy", a structured form of treatment based on a psychological framework and comprising one of more verbal interchanges between a client and a therapist.
Psychotherapy
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The type of therapy developed by Sigmund Freud with a goal of gaining insight and resolving unconscious psychological conflicts.
Classical Psychoanalysis
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What are the major techniques and approach used in Classical psychoanalysis ?
Approach: Passive, Interpretative
Techniques: Free association, dream analysis, interpretations
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This therapy is briefer and focuses on developing insight but with greater emphasis on ego functioning, current interpersonal relationships and adaptive behavior than traditional analysis.
Modern Psychodynamic Approaches
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Modern Psychodynamic Approaches's techniques include direct analysis of clients defenses and transference relationships, therefore the therapist approach is:
More direct probing of clients defenses; more back and forth discussion.
283
This type of psychotherapy ain to directly change the problem behavior through the use of learning based techniques.
Behavior Therapy
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What are the major techniques and approaches in behavior therapy?
Systematic desensitization, gradual exposure, modeling, reinforcement techniques
Directive, active problem solving.
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This type of therapy is about self acceptance and personal growth by Carl Rogers.
Humanistic, client centered therapy
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The techniques used in humanistic, client centered therapy include the use of reflection, creation of a warm, accepting therapeutic relationship. Therefore the approach would be:
Nondirective, allowing clients to take the lead.
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In order to replace irrational beliefs with rational alternative beliefs, making adaptive behavioral changes, what are the major techniques and approaches to be used in Ellis' rational emotive behavior therapy?
Identifying and challenging irrational beliefs, behavioral homework assignments.
Direct, sometimes confrontational challenging of clients irrational beliefs.
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By collaboratively engaging clients in the process of logically examining thoughts to identify and correct distorted/ self defeating thoughts and beliefs, behavioral framework including reality testing, Aaron Beck made what kind of therapy?
Beck's cognitive therapy
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Various figures combined cognitive and behavioral techniques to change maladaptive behavior and cognition in a direct, active problem solving approach. What is this therapy?
Cognitive- behavioral therapy
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What are the types of psychotherapies that require a relatively brief length of treatments, typically lasting 10-20 sessions?
Behavior Therapy, Ellis rational emotive behavior therapy, Beck's cognitive therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy
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Which type of therapy is lengthy, typically lasting several years?
Classical Psychoanalysis
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How long is the treatment for Modern Psychodynamic approaches and humanistic, client centered therapy?
Briefer than traditional psychoanalysis.
293
What defines abnormality?
Personal Distress
Deviance from cultural norms
Statistical infrequency
Impaired social functioning
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Disorder of a harmful dysfunction
Harmful Dysfunction theory
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Value term based on social norms
Harmful
296
Failure of mental mechanism to perform a function naturally?
Dysfunction
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Who defines abnormality?
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
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How does DSM define mental disorder?
Clinically significant disturbance in cognition, emotion regulation and behavior.
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Presence or absence of a diagnostic label strongly impacts what? (Importance for Professional)
Attention it receives from clinical psychologist
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Absence of label means no _ for clients.
Diagnosis
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Label could lead to _ of individuals and have an effect on outcome of _.
Stereotyping
Legal issues
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Before the DSM, discussions of abnormal behavior appear in what types of texts?
Ancient Chinese, Hebrew, Egyptian, Greek and Roman texts
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His theories of abnormality emphasized natural causes.
Hippocrates
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It was established in Europe and U.S in the 19th century.
Mental Asylums
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He proposed specific categories such as melancholia, mania and dementia.
Philippe Pinel
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Founding father of the current diagnostic system.
Emil Kraepelin
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Mid-1900s, they developed their own early categorization system to facilitate diagnosis and treatment of soldiers returning from World War II.
Veteran Affairs
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DSM-I was published by __ in 1952
APA
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Revision of DSM I is published as DSM II in what year?
1968
310
What are the only 3 categories in DSM I & II?
Psychoses
Neuroses
Character Disorders
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DSM I and II definitions of disorders are not scientifically or empirically based, instead they represent what?
The accumulated clinical wisdom of senior academic psychiatrists who staffed the DSM task forces.
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What approach was reflected in the language of DSM I & II?
Psychoanalytic approach
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Vague descriptions of clinical conditions in DSM I & II were described in what?
Prose
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DSM- III relied on what kind of data?
Empirical
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What kind of terminology in DSM III replaced the DSM I & II?
Terminology that reflected no single school of thought
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In what year was DSM III published?
1980
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What is the assessment system in DSM III?
Multiaxial assessment system
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What are the other revised editions of DSM that retained major changes introduced in DSM III while introducing significant other changes?
DSM III-R, DSM IV, DSM IV-TR
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What year was DSM- 5 published?
2013
320
What edition of DSM was the first substantial revision after 20 years?
DSM-5: The Current Edition
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Who led the DSM-5 edition?
David Kupfer and Darrel Regier
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About how many years was the research ongoing to publish DSM 5?
12 years
323
To whom did the Task force of DSM 5 coordinate with?
WHO
324
What is the website that allows to communicate the progress of DSM 5 to the public?
dsm5.org
325
What are some of the disorders that were considered but not made in the DSM-5?
Attenuated psychosis syndrome
Mixed anxiety-depressive disorder
Internet gaming disorder
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Why is the current edition of DSM entitled DSM 5?
To enable more frequent minor updates.
327
What was the assessment system that has been dropped by DSM 5?
Multiaxial assessment system
328
What diagnostic tool and rating are considered but not made in DSM 5?
Biological markers- diagnostic tool
Scale- rating
329
What was supposedly the approach to DSM-5 but was not made?
Dimensional approach
330
What are the newly added disorders in the DSM 5?
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
Binge eating disorder
Mild neurocognitive disorder (Mild NCD)
Somatic symptom disorder (SSD)
Hoarding disorder
Bereavement Exclusion
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Substance use Disorder
331
What was the change about the Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the DSM 5 edition?
Increased age of symptoms from 7 to 12
Minimum number of symptoms in adults increased to 5
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In DSM 5, the frequency of binge eating for bulimia Nervosa was changed to what?
Reduced to once/week
333
What was the change about the Anorexia Nervosa in the DSM 5 edition?
Reduction of less than 85% of the body weight
334
Mental retardation was renamed __.
Intellectual disability or Intellectual development disorder
335
In DSM 5, learning disabilities in math, reading and writing are now __.
Combined as specific development disorder
336
What was removed from Anxiety Disorder to the new category in the DSM 5?
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
337
Mood Disorders were split into two in DSM 5, which are:
Depressive Disorders
Bipolar and related disorders
338
One of the controversies surrounding DSM 5 was that, leaders of mental health organization boycotted DSM 5. True or False?
True
339
Who was the most vocal critic in the DSM 5?
Allen Frances
340
His criticism declares that DSM-5 will mislabel normal people, promote diagnosis inflation, encourage inappropriate medication use.
Allen Frances
341
Give some strengths of DSM-5 edition
Emphasis on empirical research
Use of explicit diagnostic criteria
Interclinician reliability
Atheoretical language
Facilitated communication between researchers and clinicians
Breadth of coverage
Controversial cutoffs
Cultural issues
Gender bias
Non-empirical influences
Limitations on objectivity
