Abnormal Psych final Flashcards
incidence
rate of newly diagnoses of disease, a real number
prevalence
the proportion of cases in a population, a percentage
*prodromal
the beginning onset of symptoms, between the first symptoms
*course of disorder (chronic, episodic)
chronic = persistent or reoccurs episodic = occasionally or irregularly
*onset (insidious, Acute)
insidious = disorder developed over a period of time acute = disorder begins suddenly
*prognosis
the likely course of a disease that gives you suggestions for treatment
*etiology
the cause of the disorder
*multidimensional integrative approach
- disorder being caused by many different things
- interdisciplinary, eclectic, integrative
- system of influences that cause & maintain suffering
- draw upon several sources
anosognosia
a symptom that impairs someone ability to not understand their illness
*diathesis stress model
the more negative the environment the more negative the outcome & vise versa
behavioral model
1) operant conditioning
2) modeling
3) classical conditioning
strengths of the behavioral model
- powerful force in the field
- can be tested in the lab
- significant research support for behavioral therapies
weakness of the the behavioral model
- simplcisit
- downplays role of cognition
- therapy is limited
*operant conditioning
leaning through consequences
*positive reinforcement of operant conditioning
give something good
negative reinforcement of operant conditioning
take away something thats bad
classical conditioning
- leaning through association
- little albert and the rat (created a fear of rats & then took it away)
- ian pavlov (dogs salivate on command)
modeling (observational learning) cognitive science
- some people may learn to fear certain situations by watching others show sign of fear in the same situation (learn to fear heights himself)
- used for: phobias, treatment, therapist confronts the feared object while the fearful person observes
*equifinality
must consider a number of opaths to give an outcome
*multifinality
similar initial conditions lead to different end effects
diagnosis
identification of an illness or problem by examination of symptoms
*prototypical approach
how diagnoses are categorized in the DSM-5
*comorbidity
the stimultaneous presence of two chronic diseases or conditions in a patient
*what are obsessions & compulsions & how are they related?
obsessions = thoughts or urges, associated with distress, intrusive & unwanted thoughts compulsions = behaviors or mental acts to reduce anxiety
*what are the “event characteristics” associated with PTSD?
- severity, duration, & proximity
- direct exposure (happened to you), witnessing directly (neighbors house), witnessing indirectly (hearing about your neighbor), repeated or extreme indirect exposure (first responders)
*Someone has experienced a traumatic event: what is the biggest protective factor that could prevent the development of PTSD?
social support
*What is an example of a risk factor for developing PTSD after a traumatic event?
avoidant behavior, alcohol, childhood/adolescent trauma, lack of social support
Why might antidepressants be useful for some people but not to others?
because certain drugs don’t work for everybody
*Why is ketamine a potentially exciting development for the treatment of depression?
reversal of anahediona (loss of interest)
What is the difference between bipolar I and bipolar II disorders?
Bipolar 1 - manic episode
Bipolar 2 - hypomanic & major depression
*What is the difference between insomnia (as may be experienced in depression) and a decreased need for sleep (as may be experienced in bipolar disorder)?
insomnia is the inability to fall asleep
decreased sleep - is the decreased need for sleep which is a symptom of mania in bipolar disorder
REM sleep in depression
- reduced latency (period of time before you go into REM sleep) = you go into Rem sleep quicker if you have depression
- increased intensity duration = in REM sleep for longer
What are two important prodromal symptoms of manic episode?
- change in speech, rapid & pressured
- change in behavior, goal-directed behavior reckless & impulsive
- elevated mood
*Why treat insomnia in people with depression and comorbid insomnia?
- treating the insomnia will severely help the depression
- if you are treating the depression without treating the insomnia then you will still have insomnia so you need to treat the insomnia & depression
- sleep problems are a downstream symptom of a upstream issue
Someone sleeps very little – what additional information do you need to determine whether they have a sleep disorder?
- having sufficient time to sleep & not being able to
- interfering with your life, health or functioning
*Binge eating episodes take place in almost all eating disorders: why?
- often occurs after food restrictions - following dieting, fasting or not eating
- all of these disorders have a restriction of energy intake
- loss of control
How is the Minnesota Starvation Study relevant to Anorexia Nervosa?
restriction of intake would lead to fear that interferes with weight gain & negative self evaluation of body weight
*Diminished control is the core-defining concept of substance use disorders.
Why are tolerance and withdrawal not considered the core defining features of a substance use disorder?
because you can have tolerance & withdraw without having a substance use disorder - medicine for surgery
-core defining = loss of control
Craving is important because it predicts relapse – what is craving and how is it triggered?
craving is wanting something, can be triggered by seeing it or thinking about it
*What is Narcan and why is it important?
- used to prevent opined overdose
- important because it is used to prevent overdose death
What substance withdrawal syndrome, at its most severe, tends to be most the dangerous and why?
alcohol withdraw because of delirium tremens
*Name examples of treating substance use disorders with agonists, antagonists, and aversive treatments.
agonist - methadone
antagonist - naltrexon
aversive treatments - antabuse
*What is Expressed Emotion and why is it important to assess and diminish in the context of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia?
expressed emotions = family therapy for bipolar, reducing expressed emotion
you also want to reduce expressed emotion because it can cause relapse & diminishing this can help with diminishing severity & hospitalization
environment stressor in the diathesis stress model
*Someone asks you why someone developed some sort of mental health issue. If there is one concept that I hope you will take away from this class, it is this: that you take into consideration a multidimensional/integrative perspective when considering the causes of mental illness.
• What does it mean to adopt a multidimensional/integrative perspective?
multiple perspectives & ways to approach things
abnormal behavior
deviance, distress, danger, disfunction
personality disorder
inflexible pervasive pattern
personality
- collection of traits, insuring pattern of thoughts, emotion and behavior
- view of world or one self
5 factor model
opens to experience conscientiousness extroversion agreeableness neuroticism
disorder
persistent, unchanging, intensity or improvement
cluster A
odd & eccentric
paranoid & schizo,
cluster B
dramatic, emotional, erratic
antisocial, borderline, narxositic, historinic
cluster C
anxious & fearful
analogue study
studies that patients closely resemble the actual population
case study
a study done on one person, very detailed
correlations
positive - /
negative - \
randomized clinical trail
select participants randomly, in a clinical setting, blind testing
*statistical vs clinical significance
statistical - p-value
clinical - how the treatment affected the population
agoraphobia
strict: not leaving home/room
lenient: noticeable restriction of travel
*anxiety sensitivity
- belief that bodily sensations are harmful
- changes in body interpreted negatively
*interceptive awareness
awareness of body sensations
*double depression
- persistent depressive disorder, individual experiences both major depressive episodes & dysthymania
- individuals suffer from both persistent depressive episode & major depressive episode
depression with melancholic vs atypical features
melancholic =
- only applies if all criteria for major depressive episode
- includes more psychical symptoms, (early morning awakenings, weight loss, loss of sex drive, excessive or inappropriate guilt, anhedonia, loss of interest in pleasurable activities
atypical =
-oversleep, overeat (can lead to diabetes)
Why is the experimental method important?
you can test now ideas, textbook vs reality may have large differences, old facts don’t always remain true
*If ‘anxiety’ is an emotion we can expect to experience – what makes anxiety disorders different from anxiety?
when it starts to cause problem in the rest of your functioning
If avoidance is what maintains a disorder then what is likely a key component of treatment?
the solution is exposure
Be able to identify GAD
characterized by excessive anxiety under most circumstances & worry about practically anything, constant worry in multiple domains in people’s lives
Be able to identify panic disorder
recurrent unexpected panic attacks, worry about future attacks, worry about consequences of the attack (ex. heart attack), behavioral changes in response to a panic attack
Be able to identify phobias
persistent feat that is recessive or unreasonable, exposure to fear leads to immediate anxiety which could turn into a panic attack, the phobic situation is always avoided, anxiety just knowing that something could potentially happen in the future, preoccupation needs to last at least 6 months
analogue study
studies that patients closely resemble the actual population
statistical vs clinical significance
statistical = p-value, stats of treatments
clinical
how well the treatment actually worked on people
