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Abnormal Psych final Flashcards

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1
Q

incidence

A

rate of newly diagnoses of disease, a real number

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2
Q

prevalence

A

the proportion of cases in a population, a percentage

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3
Q

*prodromal

A

the beginning onset of symptoms, between the first symptoms

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4
Q

*course of disorder (chronic, episodic)

A 
chronic = persistent or reoccurs 
episodic = occasionally or irregularly
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5
Q

*onset (insidious, Acute)

A 
insidious = disorder developed over a period of time 
acute = disorder begins suddenly
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6
Q

*prognosis

A

the likely course of a disease that gives you suggestions for treatment

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7
Q

*etiology

A

the cause of the disorder

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8
Q

*multidimensional integrative approach

A
  • disorder being caused by many different things
  • interdisciplinary, eclectic, integrative
  • system of influences that cause & maintain suffering
  • draw upon several sources
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9
Q

anosognosia

A

a symptom that impairs someone ability to not understand their illness

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10
Q

*diathesis stress model

A

the more negative the environment the more negative the outcome & vise versa

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11
Q

behavioral model

A

1) operant conditioning
2) modeling
3) classical conditioning

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12
Q

strengths of the behavioral model

A
  • powerful force in the field
  • can be tested in the lab
  • significant research support for behavioral therapies
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13
Q

weakness of the the behavioral model

A
  • simplcisit
  • downplays role of cognition
  • therapy is limited
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14
Q

*operant conditioning

A

leaning through consequences

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15
Q

*positive reinforcement of operant conditioning

A

give something good

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16
Q

negative reinforcement of operant conditioning

A

take away something thats bad

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17
Q

classical conditioning

A
  • leaning through association
  • little albert and the rat (created a fear of rats & then took it away)
  • ian pavlov (dogs salivate on command)
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18
Q

modeling (observational learning) cognitive science

A
  • some people may learn to fear certain situations by watching others show sign of fear in the same situation (learn to fear heights himself)
  • used for: phobias, treatment, therapist confronts the feared object while the fearful person observes
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19
Q

*equifinality

A

must consider a number of opaths to give an outcome

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20
Q

*multifinality

A

similar initial conditions lead to different end effects

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21
Q

diagnosis

A

identification of an illness or problem by examination of symptoms

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22
Q

*prototypical approach

A

how diagnoses are categorized in the DSM-5

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23
Q

*comorbidity

A

the stimultaneous presence of two chronic diseases or conditions in a patient

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24
Q

*what are obsessions & compulsions & how are they related?

A 
obsessions = thoughts or urges, associated with distress, intrusive & unwanted thoughts 
compulsions = behaviors or mental acts to reduce anxiety
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25
Q

*what are the “event characteristics” associated with PTSD?

A
  • severity, duration, & proximity
  • direct exposure (happened to you), witnessing directly (neighbors house), witnessing indirectly (hearing about your neighbor), repeated or extreme indirect exposure (first responders)
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26
Q

*Someone has experienced a traumatic event: what is the biggest protective factor that could prevent the development of PTSD?

A

social support

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27
Q

*What is an example of a risk factor for developing PTSD after a traumatic event?

A

avoidant behavior, alcohol, childhood/adolescent trauma, lack of social support

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28
Q

Why might antidepressants be useful for some people but not to others?

A

because certain drugs don’t work for everybody

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29
Q

*Why is ketamine a potentially exciting development for the treatment of depression?

A

reversal of anahediona (loss of interest)

30
Q

What is the difference between bipolar I and bipolar II disorders?

A

Bipolar 1 - manic episode

Bipolar 2 - hypomanic & major depression

31
Q

*What is the difference between insomnia (as may be experienced in depression) and a decreased need for sleep (as may be experienced in bipolar disorder)?

A

insomnia is the inability to fall asleep

decreased sleep - is the decreased need for sleep which is a symptom of mania in bipolar disorder

32
Q

REM sleep in depression

A
  • reduced latency (period of time before you go into REM sleep) = you go into Rem sleep quicker if you have depression
  • increased intensity duration = in REM sleep for longer
33
Q

What are two important prodromal symptoms of manic episode?

A
  • change in speech, rapid & pressured
  • change in behavior, goal-directed behavior reckless & impulsive
  • elevated mood
34
Q

*Why treat insomnia in people with depression and comorbid insomnia?

A
  • treating the insomnia will severely help the depression
  • if you are treating the depression without treating the insomnia then you will still have insomnia so you need to treat the insomnia & depression
  • sleep problems are a downstream symptom of a upstream issue
35
Q

Someone sleeps very little – what additional information do you need to determine whether they have a sleep disorder?

A
  • having sufficient time to sleep & not being able to

- interfering with your life, health or functioning

36
Q

*Binge eating episodes take place in almost all eating disorders: why?

A
  • often occurs after food restrictions - following dieting, fasting or not eating
  • all of these disorders have a restriction of energy intake
  • loss of control
37
Q

How is the Minnesota Starvation Study relevant to Anorexia Nervosa?

A

restriction of intake would lead to fear that interferes with weight gain & negative self evaluation of body weight

38
Q

*Diminished control is the core-defining concept of substance use disorders.
Why are tolerance and withdrawal not considered the core defining features of a substance use disorder?

A

because you can have tolerance & withdraw without having a substance use disorder - medicine for surgery

-core defining = loss of control

39
Q

Craving is important because it predicts relapse – what is craving and how is it triggered?

A

craving is wanting something, can be triggered by seeing it or thinking about it

40
Q

*What is Narcan and why is it important?

A
  • used to prevent opined overdose

- important because it is used to prevent overdose death

41
Q

What substance withdrawal syndrome, at its most severe, tends to be most the dangerous and why?

A

alcohol withdraw because of delirium tremens

42
Q

*Name examples of treating substance use disorders with agonists, antagonists, and aversive treatments.

A

agonist - methadone

antagonist - naltrexon

aversive treatments - antabuse

43
Q

*What is Expressed Emotion and why is it important to assess and diminish in the context of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia?

A

expressed emotions = family therapy for bipolar, reducing expressed emotion

you also want to reduce expressed emotion because it can cause relapse & diminishing this can help with diminishing severity & hospitalization

environment stressor in the diathesis stress model

44
Q

*Someone asks you why someone developed some sort of mental health issue. If there is one concept that I hope you will take away from this class, it is this: that you take into consideration a multidimensional/integrative perspective when considering the causes of mental illness.

• What does it mean to adopt a multidimensional/integrative perspective?

A

multiple perspectives & ways to approach things

45
Q

abnormal behavior

A

deviance, distress, danger, disfunction

46
Q

personality disorder

A

inflexible pervasive pattern

47
Q

personality

A
  • collection of traits, insuring pattern of thoughts, emotion and behavior
  • view of world or one self
48
Q

5 factor model

A 
opens to experience 
conscientiousness 
extroversion 
agreeableness 
neuroticism
49
Q

disorder

A

persistent, unchanging, intensity or improvement

50
Q

cluster A

A

odd & eccentric

paranoid & schizo,

51
Q

cluster B

A

dramatic, emotional, erratic

antisocial, borderline, narxositic, historinic

52
Q

cluster C

A

anxious & fearful

53
Q

analogue study

A

studies that patients closely resemble the actual population

54
Q

case study

A

a study done on one person, very detailed

55
Q

correlations

A

positive - /

negative - \

56
Q

randomized clinical trail

A

select participants randomly, in a clinical setting, blind testing

57
Q

*statistical vs clinical significance

A

statistical - p-value

clinical - how the treatment affected the population

58
Q

agoraphobia

A

strict: not leaving home/room
lenient: noticeable restriction of travel

59
Q

*anxiety sensitivity

A
  • belief that bodily sensations are harmful

- changes in body interpreted negatively

60
Q

*interceptive awareness

A

awareness of body sensations

61
Q

*double depression

A
  • persistent depressive disorder, individual experiences both major depressive episodes & dysthymania
  • individuals suffer from both persistent depressive episode & major depressive episode
62
Q

depression with melancholic vs atypical features

A

melancholic =

  • only applies if all criteria for major depressive episode
  • includes more psychical symptoms, (early morning awakenings, weight loss, loss of sex drive, excessive or inappropriate guilt, anhedonia, loss of interest in pleasurable activities

atypical =
-oversleep, overeat (can lead to diabetes)

63
Q

Why is the experimental method important?

A

you can test now ideas, textbook vs reality may have large differences, old facts don’t always remain true

64
Q

*If ‘anxiety’ is an emotion we can expect to experience – what makes anxiety disorders different from anxiety?

A

when it starts to cause problem in the rest of your functioning

65
Q

If avoidance is what maintains a disorder then what is likely a key component of treatment?

A

the solution is exposure

66
Q

Be able to identify GAD

A

characterized by excessive anxiety under most circumstances & worry about practically anything, constant worry in multiple domains in people’s lives

67
Q

Be able to identify panic disorder

A

recurrent unexpected panic attacks, worry about future attacks, worry about consequences of the attack (ex. heart attack), behavioral changes in response to a panic attack

68
Q

Be able to identify phobias

A

persistent feat that is recessive or unreasonable, exposure to fear leads to immediate anxiety which could turn into a panic attack, the phobic situation is always avoided, anxiety just knowing that something could potentially happen in the future, preoccupation needs to last at least 6 months

69
Q

analogue study

A

studies that patients closely resemble the actual population

70
Q

statistical vs clinical significance

A

statistical = p-value, stats of treatments

71
Q

clinical

A

how well the treatment actually worked on people

Abnormal Psych final (1 decks)

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