Abnormal growth and development

Question 1

Term for male breasts

Answer 1

Gynecomastia

Question 2

What is the reason for Turner’s syndrome

Answer 2

One normal X chromosome in female’s cells and the other one is missing or altered.
Thought to be caused by defect in SHOX gene

Question 3

What are the clinical presentations of Turner syndrome

Answer 3

Webbed neck
Low airline at the back of neck.
Lymphedema of hands and feet 
Early loss of ovarian function
Heart defects 
Normal interlligence

Question 4

What group of cells is the main source of the placenta and associated membranes

Answer 4

Trophoblast

Question 5

What group of cells is the main source of the embryo proper

Answer 5

Embryoblast

Question 6

Name for the extramembrionic endoderm that lines the former blastocyst

Answer 6

Heuser’s membrane

Question 7

Once Heuser’s membrane forms the blastocyst cavity is called

Answer 7

Primary yolk sac

Question 8

what are PGCs and where are they

Answer 8

Primordial germ cells in the wall of the yolk sac

Question 9

primitive streak is composed of

Answer 9

Primitive pit, node and groove

Question 10

What is gastrulation

Answer 10

migration of the epiblast cells on day 16 through the primitive streak

Question 11

What gives rise to the vertebral column, skeletal musculature and dermis

Answer 11

somitomeres

Question 12

Ectoderm, mesoderm and definitive endoderm derive from

Answer 12

the epiblast during gastrulation

Question 13

Development of Thyroid gland

Answer 13

NOT FROM A PHARYNGEAL POUCH

comes from midline thyroid diverticulum from endoderm

Question 14

Hypoparathyroidism levels

Answer 14

low Ca

High Phosphorus in blood

Question 15

sensory innervation of the mucosa of the a2/3 tongue is via

Answer 15

lingual branch of the trigeminal nerve

Question 16

Taste innervation of the a2/3 tongue is via

Answer 16

chorda tympani branch of facial nerve

Question 17

taste buds in circumballate papilla are inverted via

Answer 17

glossopharyngeal nerve

Question 18

motor innervation of intrinsic skeletal muscles of tongue is via

Answer 18

hypoglossal nerve

Question 19

Innervation of posterior 1/3 of tongue

Answer 19

sensory; glossopharyngeal
Taste: glossopharyngeal
Motor; hypoglossal

Question 20

Speech and swallowing movements of tongue

Answer 20

Hyploglossal (12)

Question 21

what does calcitonin from the thyroid glands do

Answer 21

Opposes the action of PTH.
Reduces calcium levels in blood by:
Inhibits activity of osteoclasts
decreases resorption of Ca in kidneys

Question 22

That does PTH do

Answer 22

Acts mainly in bone and kidneys
stimulates osteoclasts; casuses ↑ in serum concentration of Ca and Ph.
↑ in vit D prod
↑ resorption of Ca in distal renal tubules, ↓ Ca clearance
↓ resorption of Ph.

Question 23

what are the consequences of hyperparathyrodism

Answer 23

hypercalcimia
hypophosphatemia
High urinary Ca and Ph.

Question 24

What is tetralogy of fallot

Answer 24

Pulmonary stenosis
right ventricular hypertrophy
Overriding aorta
ventricular septal defect

Question 25

When is the basic morphology of the face created

Answer 25

Bn the fourth and tenth week by the dev of the five prominences of the first pharyngeal arch.

Question 26

the primary palate is formed by

Answer 26

posterior extensions of the inter maxillary process

Question 27

What gives rise to the posterior 1/3 of tongue

Answer 27

hypopharyngeal eminence

Question 28

The parotid gland develops from and is innervated by

Answer 28

invagination of ectoderm. Sensory; auriculotemporal nerve of V3 Para: Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) Symp: Superior cervical sympathetic ganglion

Question 29

The submaidibular and sublingual salivary glands develop from

Answer 29

Invaginations of endoderm

Question 30

All salivary glands above the level of the oral fissure are innervated by

Answer 30

Greater petrosal branch of VII

Question 31

All salivary glands below the level of the oral fissure are inervated by

Answer 31

Chorda tympani branch of VII

Question 32

What are four functions of saliva

Answer 32

buffering cleansing antibacterial Maintenance of oral enviro

Question 33

When do the dental laminas appear

Answer 33

sixth week

Question 34

Whwn do the 20 centers of epidermal proliferation develop

Answer 34

seventh week

Question 35

At what stage does amelogenesis occur

Answer 35

bell stage

Question 36

What are the three stages of amelogenesis

Answer 36

Inductive Secretory Maturation

Question 37

What is hypo plastic amelogenesis

Answer 37

defect in the amount of enamel; Generalized; Reduced thick, smooth surf, normal hardness Pitted; normal thick, pitted surface, normal hardness

Question 38

what is hypo maturation amelogenesis

Answer 38

defect in final growth and maturation of enamel crystallites and hypo mineralization. Normal thickness, chipped surface, less hardness, opaque white coloration.

Question 39

What is hypo calcified amelogenesis

Answer 39

defect in initial crystallite formation followed by defective growth and hypo mineralization. Normal thickness, smooth surface, less hardness.

Question 40

When can implants be put in

Answer 40

Once all growth is completed girls 17 boys 18-19

Question 41

what type of genetic condition is dentinogenesis imperfecta

Answer 41

AD. | Mutation in DSPP gene; cleaving of dentin sialophosphoprotein.

Question 42

What is the cause of osteogenesis imperfecta

Answer 42

mutation in COL1A1 or COL1A2. | loss of production of collagen.

Question 43

clinical presentation of osteogenesis imperfecta

Answer 43

bulbous crowns small pulp chambers shearing of overlying enamel.

Question 44

Ectodermal dysplasia characteristics

Answer 44

Defects in hair, nails, sweat glands and | teeth: missing, pointed, widely spaced, prone to cavities.

Question 45

what is holoprosencephaly

Answer 45

birth defect of the brain which affects the development of midline facial features; failure of prosencephalon to sufficiently divide into the double lobes. Closed spaced eyes Microcephaly CLP