Abnormal conditions Flashcards
optic disc swelling that is secondary to elevated intracranial pressure
papilledema (CN II)
optic atrophy in ipsilateral eye
papilledema in contralateral eye
central scetoma ipsilateral eye (central vision loss)
anosmia ipsillaterally
Foster Kennedy Syndrome (tumor at base of frontal lobe)
Demyelinating inflammation of the opticnerve that typically first occurs in young adulthood
Papillitis—optic neuritis (CN II)
no warning symptoms, peripheral vision loss,tunnel vision
Open - Angle Glaucoma (CN II)
symptomatic, painful, halos around lights,eye redness, cloudy vision, medical emergency due to
permanent vision loss within 3-5 days
Angle - Closure Glaucoma (CN II)
abnormal eye development causing damage to the optic nerve via intraoccular pressure
congenital glaucoma (CN II)
corticosteriods, uveitis systemic diseases causing damage to the optic nerve by increase in intraoccular pressure
secondary glaucoma (CN II)
Scooped disc appearance
Glaucoma (CN II)
shrinking of the Vitreous causing a tug on the retina and tissue tearing
Detached retina (CN II)
Optic nerve fibers degenerate in an orderly manner and are
replaced by columns of glial cells without alteration in the
architecture of the optic nerve head. The disc is chalky white andsharply demarcated, and the retinal vessels are normal.
optic atrophy (CN II)
Loss of vision in center of visual field
Characteristic yellow deposits, drusen
Drastic decrease in visual acuity
Blurry vision
Macular Degeneration (CN II)
- Damage to the blood vessels of the retina
- Blurred vision or slow loss
- Floating stars
- Shadows or missing areas
- Trouble with night vision
Diabetic Retinopathy (CN II)
- Damage from high blood pressure
- Progressively worsens if not addressed
- Double vision
- Headaches
- Visual disturbances
Hypertensive Retinopathy (CN II)
Dark spot or blurred vision
• Pupil shape change
• Vision disturbances
Melanoma (CN II)
manifests as changes in the color and the structure of the optic disc associated with variable degrees of visual dysfunction
Primary optic Atrophy (CN II)
Sequel of papilledema, may also include neuritis, glaucomaincreased intracranial pressure
Secondary optic atrophy (CN II)
Partial or complete opacity of the crystalline lens of one or botheyes that decreases visual acuity and eventually results in
blindness. Some cataracts appear in infancy or in childhood, but most develop in older individuals.
opacities of the lens (CN II)
– Autonomic disorder
– One pupil is larger than normal, slowly constricts in light
(tonic pupil)
– Absence of deep tendon reflexes, usually in the Achilles
tendon.
– Viral infection causes inflammation and damage to neurons
• ciliary ganglion: brain that controls eye movements
• dorsal root ganglion: spinal cord response of autonomics
– Begins in one eye, and progresses to involve the other eye
– May also sweat excessively, on one side of the body.
– Most often seen in young women.
Holmes - Adie Syndrome (CN II)
Small pupil constricts poorly to direct light
– Brisk when a target within reading distance
• “light-near dissociation”
– When there are bilateral tonic pupils it is appropriateto screen for syphilis
• Tonic pupil-constricts poorly to light but reacts to
accommodation
Argyl-robertson pupil (CN II)
Sympathetic hypofunction – Lesion in neck compresses the ascending sympathetics– Signs and Symptoms • Ptosis • Pupilloconstriction • Facial anhydrosis • Ipsilateral facial vasodilation
Horner’s Syndrome (CN II)
Involuntary eye oscillations are the result ofuncoordinated attempts at controlling movement
Nystagmus (CN III)
Fast saccadic movement (frontal lesion)
Slow following movement (occipital lesion)
Ptosis and corectasia(pathological dilation ofpupil)
CN III
Difficulty looking down and In
CN IV
unable to laterally deviate the eye
CN VI
damage to motor neurons causing misalignment of the eye
Strabismus
Idiopathic
– Recurrent
– Sharp, painful sensation in the V1, V2, V3 distribution
Trigeminal Neuralgia (Tic Doulourreux)
pathology associated with chicken pocks, follows dermatomes, may be “awaken” by stressor, disease, medication
Shingles (CN V)
partial to complete facial paralysis with smoothing of the brow,open eye, flat nasolabial fold, and drooping of the mouth
ipsilateral to the lesion.
nuclear or infranuclear (Peripheral) lesion of CN VII
spare the brow and eyelid musculature; there is flattening of the nasolabial fold and drooping of the mouth contralateral to the
lesion.
Supranuclear (central) lesion of CN VII (STROKE)
Peripheral lesion of CN VII must be proximal to _____ foramen to affect taste
stylomastoid foramen
Aphonia
loss of voice CN IX, X
Dysarthria
faulty articulation (CN IX, X)
anarthria
no articulation (CN IX, X)
Dysphagia
difficulty swallowing (CN IX,X)
Aphagia
no swallowing (IX, X)
hypernasal
increased air into nasal (CN IX, X)
hyponasal
decreased air into nasal (CN IX, X)
