Abnormal conditions

Question 0

optic disc swelling that is secondary to elevated intracranial pressure

Answer 0

papilledema (CN II)

Question 1

optic atrophy in ipsilateral eye
papilledema in contralateral eye
central scetoma ipsilateral eye (central vision loss)
anosmia ipsillaterally

Answer 1

Foster Kennedy Syndrome (tumor at base of frontal lobe)

Question 2

Demyelinating inflammation of the opticnerve that typically first occurs in young adulthood

Answer 2

Papillitis—optic neuritis (CN II)

Question 3

no warning symptoms, peripheral vision loss,tunnel vision

Answer 3

Open - Angle Glaucoma (CN II)

Question 4

symptomatic, painful, halos around lights,eye redness, cloudy vision, medical emergency due to
permanent vision loss within 3-5 days

Answer 4

Angle - Closure Glaucoma (CN II)

Question 5

abnormal eye development causing damage to the optic nerve via intraoccular pressure

Answer 5

congenital glaucoma (CN II)

Question 6

corticosteriods, uveitis systemic diseases causing damage to the optic nerve by increase in intraoccular pressure

Answer 6

secondary glaucoma (CN II)

Question 7

Scooped disc appearance

Answer 7

Glaucoma (CN II)

Question 8

shrinking of the Vitreous causing a tug on the retina and tissue tearing

Answer 8

Detached retina (CN II)

Question 9

Optic nerve fibers degenerate in an orderly manner and are
replaced by columns of glial cells without alteration in the
architecture of the optic nerve head. The disc is chalky white andsharply demarcated, and the retinal vessels are normal.

Answer 9

optic atrophy (CN II)

Question 10

Loss of vision in center of visual field
Characteristic yellow deposits, drusen
Drastic decrease in visual acuity
Blurry vision

Answer 10

Macular Degeneration (CN II)

Question 11

• Damage to the blood vessels of the retina
• Blurred vision or slow loss
• Floating stars
• Shadows or missing areas
• Trouble with night vision

Answer 11

Diabetic Retinopathy (CN II)

Question 12

• Damage from high blood pressure
• Progressively worsens if not addressed
• Double vision
• Headaches
• Visual disturbances

Answer 12

Hypertensive Retinopathy (CN II)

Question 13

Dark spot or blurred vision
• Pupil shape change
• Vision disturbances

Answer 13

Melanoma (CN II)

Question 14

manifests as changes in the color and the structure of the optic disc associated with variable degrees of visual dysfunction

Answer 14

Primary optic Atrophy (CN II)

Question 15

Sequel of papilledema, may also include neuritis, glaucomaincreased intracranial pressure

Answer 15

Secondary optic atrophy (CN II)

Question 16

Partial or complete opacity of the crystalline lens of one or botheyes that decreases visual acuity and eventually results in
blindness. Some cataracts appear in infancy or in childhood, but most develop in older individuals.

Answer 16

opacities of the lens (CN II)

Question 17

– Autonomic disorder
– One pupil is larger than normal, slowly constricts in light
(tonic pupil)
– Absence of deep tendon reflexes, usually in the Achilles
tendon.
– Viral infection causes inflammation and damage to neurons
• ciliary ganglion: brain that controls eye movements
• dorsal root ganglion: spinal cord response of autonomics
– Begins in one eye, and progresses to involve the other eye
– May also sweat excessively, on one side of the body.
– Most often seen in young women.

Answer 17

Holmes - Adie Syndrome (CN II)

Question 18

Small pupil constricts poorly to direct light
– Brisk when a target within reading distance
• “light-near dissociation”
– When there are bilateral tonic pupils it is appropriateto screen for syphilis
• Tonic pupil-constricts poorly to light but reacts to
accommodation

Answer 18

Argyl-robertson pupil (CN II)

Question 19

Sympathetic hypofunction 
– Lesion in neck compresses the ascending sympathetics– Signs and Symptoms 
• Ptosis 
• Pupilloconstriction 
• Facial anhydrosis 
• Ipsilateral facial vasodilation

Answer 19

Horner’s Syndrome (CN II)

Question 20

Involuntary eye oscillations are the result ofuncoordinated attempts at controlling movement

Answer 20

Nystagmus (CN III)
Fast saccadic movement (frontal lesion)
Slow following movement (occipital lesion)

Question 21

Ptosis and corectasia(pathological dilation ofpupil)

Answer 21

CN III

Question 22

Difficulty looking down and In

Answer 22

CN IV

Question 23

unable to laterally deviate the eye

Answer 23

CN VI

Question 24

damage to motor neurons causing misalignment of the eye

Answer 24

Strabismus

Question 25

Idiopathic
– Recurrent
– Sharp, painful sensation in the V1, V2, V3 distribution

Answer 25

Trigeminal Neuralgia (Tic Doulourreux)

Question 26

pathology associated with chicken pocks, follows dermatomes, may be “awaken” by stressor, disease, medication

Answer 26

Shingles (CN V)

Question 27

partial to complete facial paralysis with smoothing of the brow,open eye, flat nasolabial fold, and drooping of the mouth
ipsilateral to the lesion.

Answer 27

nuclear or infranuclear (Peripheral) lesion of CN VII

Question 28

spare the brow and eyelid musculature; there is flattening of the nasolabial fold and drooping of the mouth contralateral to the
lesion.

Answer 28

Supranuclear (central) lesion of CN VII (STROKE)

Question 29

Peripheral lesion of CN VII must be proximal to _____ foramen to affect taste

Answer 29

stylomastoid foramen

Question 30

Aphonia

Answer 30

loss of voice CN IX, X

Question 31

Dysarthria

Answer 31

faulty articulation (CN IX, X)

Question 32

anarthria

Answer 32

no articulation (CN IX, X)

Question 33

Dysphagia

Answer 33

difficulty swallowing (CN IX,X)

Question 34

Aphagia

Answer 34

no swallowing (IX, X)

Question 35

hypernasal

Answer 35

increased air into nasal (CN IX, X)

Question 36

hyponasal

Answer 36

decreased air into nasal (CN IX, X)