Abiotic

Question 1

abiotic disorder

Answer 1

plant ailment caused by nonliving environmental, or man-made agents

Question 2

Abiotic

Answer 2

nonliving

Question 3

acid

Answer 3

having a pH less than 7.0

Question 4

acidity

Answer 4

state or quality of being acid

Question 5

acute

Answer 5

disorder or disease that occurs suddenly or over a short period of time.

Question 6

aerobic

Answer 6

process that occurs in the presence of oxygen

Question 7

alkaline

Answer 7

having a pH greater than 7.0

Question 8

allelochemicals

Answer 8

substances produced naturally by plants as part of a defense against pests and other plants may adversely affect the growth and development of other plants

Question 9

allelopathy

Answer 9

the influence, usually detrimental, of one plant on another, by the release of chemical substances.

Question 10

anaerobic

Answer 10

process that occurs in the absence of oxygen

Question 11

biotic

Answer 11

pertaining to living organisms

Question 12

blotch

Answer 12

irregularly shaped necrotic area on leaf, stem, or fruit

Question 13

chlorosis

Answer 13

whitish or yellowish leaf discoloration caused by lack of chlorophyll; often caused by nutrient deficiency

Question 14

chronic

Answer 14

disorder or disease occurring or recurring over a very long period of time, typically multiple growing seasons

Question 15

compaction

Answer 15

closely or firmly packed or joined together

Question 16

deficiency

Answer 16

pertaining to a plant nutrition, lack or insufficient quantity of a required element

Question 17

deicing salts

Answer 17

salt or salt mixtures of various compounds used to melt or prevent the accumulation of ice on roadways and paths

Question 18

desiccation

Answer 18

severe drying out; dehydration

Question 19

dieback

Answer 19

condition in which the branches in a tree die from the tips toward the main stem

Question 20

disorder

Answer 20

abnormal condition that impairs the performance of one or more vital functions; often associated with noninfectious agents or abiotic factors

Question 21

effluent

Answer 21

waste material such as sewage or liquid industrial refuse that is discharged into the environment

Question 22

fasciation

Answer 22

abnormal growth of plants resulting in malformed leaves, stems, flowers, sometimes flattened or fused in appearance

Question 23

flagging

Answer 23

(1) Symptom in which leaves on a branch wilt and may ultimately turn brown without falling from the shoot; (2) growth form of trees growing in strong winds, characterized by the branches growing toward the down wind side

Question 24

frost crack

Answer 24

vertical split in the wood of a tree, generally near the base of the bole, caused by internal stresses and low temperatures; does not usually lead to failure

Question 25

girdling root

Answer 25

root that encircles all or part of the tree trunk or the tree's other roots, constricting the vascular tissue and inhibition secondary growth and the movement water and photosynthates

Question 26

hardened off

Answer 26

plant tissue that is acclimated to the cold or new environment

Question 27

hardiness

Answer 27

genetically determined ability of a plant to survive winter growing conditions; often referring specifically to low temperatures

Question 28

inter veinal tissue

Answer 28

leaf tissue between the veins or vascular bundles

Question 29

macronutrient

Answer 29

essential element that is required by plants in relatively large quantities, such as nitrogen (N), Phosphorous (P), Potassium (K), and Sulfur (S)

Question 30

marginal

Answer 30

pertaining to the edge or border of leaves

Question 31

micronutrient

Answer 31

essential element that is required by plants in relatively small quantities, such as iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and boron (B)

Question 32

mortality spiral

Answer 32

combination of events or conditions that accelerate decline and, if left untreated, may cause the eventual death of a tree; spiral of decline

Question 33

necrosis

Answer 33

localized or general death of cells or parts of a living organism

Question 34

necrotic

Answer 34

displaying necrosis

Question 35

nutrient

Answer 35

substance that provides nourishment essential for the growth and maintenance of life in plants, often used synonymously with essential element

Question 36

nutrient deficiency

Answer 36

condition in which the supply or availability of an essential element causes cessation of critical plant processes, resulting in visible, physical symptoms such as chlorotic leaves or necrotic margins, and which, if left untreated, will reduce tree health and may eventually lead to premature death

Question 37

nutrient toxicity

Answer 37

condition in which certain essential elements are present in excessive amounts, negatively affecting plant processes

Question 38

phytotoxic

Answer 38

term to describe a compound that is poisonous to plants

Question 39

scorch

Answer 39

browning and shriveling of foliage, especially at the leaf margin

Question 40

secondary disorder

Answer 40

disorder that develops after a plant is stressed by a primary one

Question 41

sign

Answer 41

physical evidence of a causal agent (e.g. insect eggs, borer hole, frass, mycelium, fruiting body)

Question 42

spot

Answer 42

discrete, localized, and usually small necrotic area of a leaf or needle, stem, flower, or fruit

Question 43

stippling

Answer 43

speckled or dotted areas in which chlorophyll is absent in foliage

Question 44

stunting

Answer 44

growth reduction of plants or plant parts

Question 45

sunburn

Answer 45

injury to bark and cambium caused by a combination of radiant energy from light and insufficient moisture to the plant.

Question 46

sunscald

Answer 46

injury to bark tissues on the trunk and branches caused by rapid changes in temperature, especially on warm days and cool nights in winter

Question 47

susceptibility

Answer 47

potential for infection and/or injury form exposure to a biotic or an abiotic factor

Question 48

symptom

Answer 48

plant reaction to a disease or disorder (e.g wilt, spot, dieback)

Question 49

systemic

Answer 49

(1) when referring to a substance; moving through an organism after absorption; (2) when referring to a condition, disease, disorder, or pest; affecting the entire organism

Question 50

toxicity

Answer 50

pertaining to plant nutrition, excessive quantities of an element or other chemicals where excessive quantities or wrongly applied concentrations cause damage

Question 51

vascular discoloration

Answer 51

darkening of the xylem or phloem of woody plants in response to disease, insect boring, or injury

Question 52

wilt

Answer 52

loss of turgor and subsequent drooping of leaves and young stems; a symptom

Question 53

winter burn

Answer 53

specific to conifers and broad-leaved evergreens; when soil freezes and moisture cannons be absorbed through the roots and/or transported through the trunk, the foliage dies and becomes brown or reddish brown

Question 54

winter kill

Answer 54

injury from cold winter temperatures

Question 55

xerophyte

Answer 55

drought-tolerant plants