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USF Summer Semester 2017 > ABGs Tutorial > Flashcards

ABGs Tutorial Flashcards

1
Q

pH ranges from ___ to ___

A

7.35 to 7.45

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2
Q

pH for acidosis

A

<7.35

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3
Q

pH for alkalosis

A

> 7.45

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4
Q

normal range for PCO2?

A

35-45 mmHg

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5
Q

is PCO2 acid or base?

A

acid

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6
Q

normal range for PO2?

A

80-100 mmHg

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7
Q

normal range for HCO3?

A

22-26 mEq/L

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8
Q

is HCO3 acid or base?

A

base

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9
Q

what is ROME?

A

Respiratory
Opposite (to pH)
Metabolic
Equal (to pH)

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10
Q

respiratory acidosis

A 
increased PCO2 (>45 mmHg)
pH <7.35
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11
Q

respiratory alkalosis

A 
decreased PCO2 (<35mmHg)
pH>7.45
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12
Q

metabolic acidosis

A 
decreased HCO3 (<22 mEq/L)
decreased pH (<7.35)
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13
Q

metabolic alkalosis

A 
increased HCO3 (>26 mEq/L)
increased pH (>7.45)
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14
Q

Clinical manifestations of respiratory alkalosis (9)

A

lethargy, lightheadedness, confusion, tachycardia, dysrhythmias related to hypokalemia, n/v, epigastric pain, numbness/tingling of the extremities, hyperventilation (tachypnea)

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15
Q

atelectasis

A

condition characterized by the collapse of alveoli, preventing the respiratory exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in a part of the lungs

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16
Q

respiratory acidosis is associated with hypo/hyperventilation?
respiratory alkalosis is associated with hypo/hyperventilation?

A

hypoventilation

hyperventilation

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17
Q

Clinical manifestations of respiratory acidosis (9)

what happens for resp rate?

A

the respiratory rate and depth increase in an attempt to compensate. The client also experiences headache; restlessness; mental status changes, such as drowsiness and confusion; visual disturbances; diaphoresis; cyanosis as the hypoxia becomes more acute; hyperkalemia; rapid, irregular pulse; and dysrhythmias.

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18
Q

what does applying pressure over the puncture site do?

A

reduces the risk of hematoma formation and damage to the artery

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19
Q

DM can lead to…? why?

can potentially lead to what disease?

A

Metabolic acidosis

by product of fat metabolism are acidotic, potentially leading to the condition known as diabetic ketoacidosis

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20
Q

Clinical manifestations of metabolic acidosis (10)

A

hyperpnea with Kussmaul’s respirations; headache; n/v, and diarrhea; fruity-smelling breath resulting from improper fat metabolism; central nervous system depression, including mental dullness, drowsiness, stupor, and coma; twitching; and convulsions. Hyperkalemia

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21
Q

what are extrapulmonary causes of respiratory failure? (6)

A

stroke, sleep apnea, myasthenia gravis, and opioid analgesics, sedatives, and anesthetics

22
Q

what are intrapulmonary causes of respiratory failure? (2)

A

obstructive lung disease and pneumonia

23
Q

why is the allen test imporant?

A

ensures collateral circulation to the hand if thrombosis of the radial artery occurs after the puncture

24
Q

what happens if there is failure to determine the presence of adequate collateral circulation?

A

could result in severe ischemic injury to the hand if damage to the radial artery occurs with arterial puncture.

25
Q

what is Cheyne-Stokes respirations?

A

rhythmic crescendo and decrescendo of rate and depth, including brief periods of apnea

26
Q

The nurse who is trying to enhance the client’s respiratory status for respiratory acidosis should implement what 3 actions?

A

keep HOB elevated
monitor flow rate of supplemental oxygen
assist client to turn, cough, & breathe deeply

27
Q

which serum level tends to rise with metabolic acidosis? what happens?

A

potassium
When acidosis is corrected with treatment, the potassium will shift back into the cellular compartment from the bloodstream

28
Q

neutropenia

A

low WBC count

29
Q

Disorientation and dyspnea

A

respiratory acidosis

30
Q

Drowsiness, headache, and tachypnea

A

metabolic acidosis

31
Q

Tachypnea, dizziness, and paresthesias

A

respiratory alkalosis

32
Q

Decreased respiratory rate and depth

A

metabolic alkalosis

33
Q

nasogastric suctioning may cause…

A

metabolic alkalosis (decreasing acid components in stomach)

34
Q

Excess alcohol ingestion and salicylate toxicity may cause?

A

metabolic acidosis

35
Q

fentanyl is what kind of medication? what can it cause?

A

opioid

respiratory acidosis

36
Q

tingling and numbness of the fingers, restlessness, and tetany caused by irritability of the central nervous system (CNS) results

A

alkalosis

37
Q

Guillain-Barré syndrome

A

neuromuscular disorder in which the client may experience weakening or paralysis of the muscles used for respiration.

38
Q

buffer system

A

fastest acting system

primary regulator of acid base balance

39
Q

what does buffer do?

A

change strong acids –> weaker cids

bind acids to neutralize their effects

40
Q

how are rate and depth of breathing regulated?

A

chemoreceptors in medulla

41
Q

three mechanisms of acid elimination

A
  1. secretion of free H+ into renal tubule
  2. combo of H+ with ammonia (NH3) to form ammonium (NH4+)
  3. excretion of weak acid
42
Q

to compensate for acidosis, what can the kidneys do?

A

generate additional bicarbonate & eliminate excess H+, lowering the pH of the urine

43
Q

causes of metabolic acidosis

A

DKA, renal failure, lactic acidosis, diarrhea, starvation, alcohol drinking

44
Q

causes of metabolic alkalosis

A

Vomiting, GI suction, bicarb intake, diuretics that cause hypokalemia

45
Q

causes of respiratory acidosis

A

Depressed ventilation (Hypoventilation), COPD, chest wall deformities

46
Q

causes of respiratory alkalosis

A

Hyperventilation (e.g. due to anxiety or high altitude)

47
Q

clinical manifestation of both respiratory and metabolic acidosis

A

CNS depression (headache, lethargy, weakness, confusion)

48
Q

complete compensation

A

both CO2 and HCO3 are abnormal in same direction

pH is normal

49
Q

partial compensation

A

both CO2 and HCO3 are abnormal in same direction

pH is outside normal range

50
Q

primary disorder is identified based on what pH?

A

7.40
pH<7.40 = primary acidosis
pH>7.40 = primary alkalosis

51
Q

combined acidosis

A

resp & metabolic acidosis

CO2 is high and HCO3 is low

52
Q

combined alkalosis

A

resp & metabolic alkalosis

CO2 is low and HCO3 is high

USF Summer Semester 2017 (3 decks)

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