ABGs

Question 1

Normal ph range

Answer 1

7.35-7.45

Question 2

Normal PaCO2 level

Answer 2

35-45

Question 3

Normal HCO3 (bicarb) level

Answer 3

22-26

Question 4

Normal PaO2 level

Answer 4

80-100

Question 5

O2 saturation should be above what percentage?

Answer 5

94%

Question 6

What organ regulates bicarb in ECF?

Answer 6

Kidneys

Question 7

What organ regulates carbonic acid in ECF?

Answer 7

Lungs

Question 8

Patient has low ph (<7.35) and low bicarb (<22) with increased hydrogen concentration, what is their diagnosis?

Answer 8

metabolic acidosis

Question 9

Causes of metabolic acidosis

Answer 9

Salicylate poisoning
Renal failure
Glycol toxicity
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Starvation

Question 10

Manifestations of metabolic acidosis

Answer 10

HA
Confusion
drowsiness
increased resp rate and depth
decreased BP
decreased CO
dysrhythmias
shock

Question 11

Management of metabolic acidosis

Answer 11

correct underlying problem
correct metabolic imbalance
monitor electrolyte levels
hemodialysis
PD

Question 12

With acidosis, ______ may occur as fluid shifts of out cells

Answer 12

hyperkalemia

Question 13

Patient has high pH (>7.45) with high bicarb (>26) along with hypokalemia, what is their diagnosis?

Answer 13

metabolic alkalosis

Question 14

Most common cause of metabolic alkalosis

Answer 14

vomiting or gastric suction

Question 15

Causes of metabolic alkalosis

Answer 15

vomiting
gastric suction
long-term diuretics
Cushing’s
hypokalemia

Question 16

Manifestations of metabolic alkalosis

Answer 16

resp depression
tachycardia
tingling of extremities
dizziness
tetany
ECG changes
decreased GI motility

Question 17

Manifestations of metabolic alkalosis are mainly due to what?

Answer 17

low calcium and potassium

Question 18

Management of metabolic alkalosis

Answer 18

Correct underlying acid-base disorder
Restore fluid volume w NaCl
Monitor I&O
Monitor ECG and neuro changes

Question 19

Patient has pH <7.35 with PaCO2 >45, what is their diagnosis?

Answer 19

respiratory acidosis

Question 20

What is the cause of increased CO2?

Answer 20

Respiratory depression

Question 21

Causes of respiratory acidosis

Answer 21

pulmonary edema
overdose
atelectasis
severe obesity
PNA
COPD
Muscular dystrophy
Multiple sclerosis
Myasthenia gravis

Question 22

Manifestations of respiratory acidosis

Answer 22

increased pulse
increased RR
increased BP
mental changes
ICP

Question 23

Management of respiratory acidosis

Answer 23

improve ventilation
pulmonary physiotherapy
adequate hydration
monitor resp status
monitor I&O
Bronchodilators

Question 24

Patient has pH >7.45 and PaCO2 <35, what is their diagnosis?

Answer 24

respiratory alkalosis

Question 25

What is respiratory alkalosis always due to?

Answer 25

hyperventilation

Question 26

Causes of respiratory alkalosis

Answer 26

extreme anxiety
panic disorder
hypoxemia
gram-negative sepsis
inappropriate ventilator settings

Question 27

Manifestations of respiratory alkalosis

Answer 27

lightheadedness
inability to contrate
numbness and tingling in extremities
tachycardia
arrhythmias

Question 28

Management of respiratory alkalosis

Answer 28

treating underlying cause
antianxiety agent
have pt breathe into bag
Monitor resp and anxiety status
therapeutic communication