ABGs Flashcards
Normal ph range
7.35-7.45
Normal PaCO2 level
35-45
Normal HCO3 (bicarb) level
22-26
Normal PaO2 level
80-100
O2 saturation should be above what percentage?
94%
What organ regulates bicarb in ECF?
Kidneys
What organ regulates carbonic acid in ECF?
Lungs
Patient has low ph (<7.35) and low bicarb (<22) with increased hydrogen concentration, what is their diagnosis?
metabolic acidosis
Causes of metabolic acidosis
Salicylate poisoning
Renal failure
Glycol toxicity
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Starvation
Manifestations of metabolic acidosis
HA
Confusion
drowsiness
increased resp rate and depth
decreased BP
decreased CO
dysrhythmias
shock
Management of metabolic acidosis
correct underlying problem
correct metabolic imbalance
monitor electrolyte levels
hemodialysis
PD
With acidosis, ______ may occur as fluid shifts of out cells
hyperkalemia
Patient has high pH (>7.45) with high bicarb (>26) along with hypokalemia, what is their diagnosis?
metabolic alkalosis
Most common cause of metabolic alkalosis
vomiting or gastric suction
Causes of metabolic alkalosis
vomiting
gastric suction
long-term diuretics
Cushing’s
hypokalemia
Manifestations of metabolic alkalosis
resp depression
tachycardia
tingling of extremities
dizziness
tetany
ECG changes
decreased GI motility
Manifestations of metabolic alkalosis are mainly due to what?
low calcium and potassium
Management of metabolic alkalosis
Correct underlying acid-base disorder
Restore fluid volume w NaCl
Monitor I&O
Monitor ECG and neuro changes
Patient has pH <7.35 with PaCO2 >45, what is their diagnosis?
respiratory acidosis
What is the cause of increased CO2?
Respiratory depression
Causes of respiratory acidosis
pulmonary edema
overdose
atelectasis
severe obesity
PNA
COPD
Muscular dystrophy
Multiple sclerosis
Myasthenia gravis
Manifestations of respiratory acidosis
increased pulse
increased RR
increased BP
mental changes
ICP
Management of respiratory acidosis
improve ventilation
pulmonary physiotherapy
adequate hydration
monitor resp status
monitor I&O
Bronchodilators
Patient has pH >7.45 and PaCO2 <35, what is their diagnosis?
respiratory alkalosis
What is respiratory alkalosis always due to?
hyperventilation
Causes of respiratory alkalosis
extreme anxiety
panic disorder
hypoxemia
gram-negative sepsis
inappropriate ventilator settings
Manifestations of respiratory alkalosis
lightheadedness
inability to contrate
numbness and tingling in extremities
tachycardia
arrhythmias
Management of respiratory alkalosis
treating underlying cause
antianxiety agent
have pt breathe into bag
Monitor resp and anxiety status
therapeutic communication
