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clin med pulmonology > ABG and Gas exchange > Flashcards

ABG and Gas exchange Flashcards

1
Q

On average, how much CO2 do we produce

A

200mL/min

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2
Q

What creates CO2 in the body

A

metabolism of carbs and fats

*combines h20 and h2co3

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3
Q

What organ makes bicarb

A

kidneys

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4
Q

Why do kidneys make bicarb

A

to buffer acids (more alkaloid)

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5
Q

For every HCO3 made by the kidneys, how much H+ is eliminated

A

one

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6
Q

What occurs in the body if someone is severely acidodic

A

hyperkalemia
-decreased CO
-vasodilation
-increased ectopic rhythms
-Right shift

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7
Q

What occurs in the body is someone is alkalotic

A

Decrease of protons pushed into the cell
-causing excitability
-ventricular tachyarrhythmias
-SVT
-Hypokalemia
-Left shift

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8
Q

What happens if there is a decrease in protons being pushed into cells

A

calcium and mag are not pushed out of the cell, so there is a drop in ECF (extra cellular fluid)

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9
Q

What is the make up of the buffering system

A

weak acid
conjugate base

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10
Q

What pH is not compatible with life

A

6.1

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11
Q

What is the pH if CO2 and HCO3 are equal

A

6.1

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12
Q

Besides Renal and CO2, what are the other buffering systems

A

hemoglobin
phosphate
plasma proteins

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13
Q

Where is a hemoglobin buffer found

A

intracellularly

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14
Q

When is a hemoglobin buffer preferred

A

is there is low venous O2

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15
Q

What is HHB

A

deoxyhemoglobin

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16
Q

What environment is HHbCO2 formed

A

acidic environment

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17
Q

What is carboxyhemoglobin

A

carbon monoxide on hemoglobin

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18
Q

what is an ionic shift

A

H+ is exchanged for K+ across cellular membrane

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19
Q

What is the hallmark for respiratory acidosis

A

increase PaCO2

20
Q

What is the hallmark for respiratory alkalosis

A

decreased PaCO2

21
Q

What characteristics make up metabolic acidosis

A

pH < 7.4
all systems effected except respiratory

22
Q

What is the hallmark for metabolic alkalosis

A

increased serum HCO3

23
Q

When is anion gap looked at

A

in patients for pH disorders

24
Q

What is seen with an anion gap

A

the difference between cations and anions (ABG and CMP)

25
Q

What may make SaO2 readings inaccurate

A

anemia
poorly adhered probe
nail polish
carbon monoxide poisoning
tachypnea
dehydration
darker skin color

26
Q

What makes up reserve volumes

A

inspiratory and expiratory

27
Q

What are the lung volumes

A

tidal volume
reserve volume
residual volume

28
Q

What are the different lung capacities

A

inspiratory capacity
expiratory capacity
vital capacity
total lung capacity
functional capacity

29
Q

What are the stretch receptors activated in the lungs

A

the TV > 800mL

30
Q

What is tidal volume

A

amount of air that can be inhaled or exhaled in one respiratory cycle

includes the volume to fill physiologic dead space

31
Q

What the the equation for minute ventilation

A

MV = TV x RR

32
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume

A

Amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after tidal volume (amount in deep breath)

33
Q

What is a normal inspiratory reserve volume

A

1900 - 3300mL

34
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume

A

amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled beyond tidal volume
(amount in full exhale)

35
Q

What is normal expiratory volume

A

700 - 1200mL

36
Q

What is residual volume

A

amount of air that remains in the lungs after full exhale

37
Q

What is normal residual volume

A

1200mL

38
Q

What is the inspiratory capacity

A

total inspiratory volume

inspiration reserve + tidal volume

39
Q

What is the total lung capacity

A

total volume of air the lungs can accommodate with maximal inspiration

40
Q

What is normal total lung capacity

A

4-6L

41
Q

What is vital capacity

A

total volume exhaled after full inhalation

42
Q

What is normal vital capacity volume

A

4800mL

43
Q

How does tidal volume compare to vital capacity

A

tidal volume is only 10% of vital capacity

44
Q

What is functional residual capacity

A

air in the lungs after a typical exhalation (unforced)

45
Q

What are PFTs utilized for

A

to diagnose restrictive and obstructive pulmonary disorders
*completed with spirometer

46
Q

What is a normal FEV1 / FVC ratio

A

.8

47
Q

What can cause acid - base issues in the body

A

respiratory acidosis
respiratory alkalosis
metabolic acidosis
metabolic alkalosis

clin med pulmonology (12 decks)

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