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ADI > ABES Oral Board Revision > Flashcards

ABES Oral Board Revision Flashcards

1
Q

What constitutes an emergency?

A

Any unusual occurrence that precludes a controller from handling the ACFT in the anticipated/normal manner

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2
Q

When may a controller suspect an emergency situation (or suffered unlawful interference)?

A
  1. Radio contact not established at time expected
  2. Radio contact lost
  3. Pilot report of malfunction of aircraft or unusual behaviour of POB
  4. Erratic behaviour of ACFT or position symbol observed
  5. ACFT overdue at destination aerodrome
  6. Pilot reports short of fuel
  7. Reports from unofficial third parties
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3
Q

What are some types of emergency?

A
  • Radio failure
  • Unlawful interference/Hijack
  • Bomb threat
  • Strayed/unidentified ACFT
  • ACFT unable to maintain height
  • Control difficulty which affects handling
  • Pilot unsure of position
  • Diversion

N.B. The above is not specific and does not cover everything

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4
Q

In an emergency, the controller ASSISTS the pilot

A

Acknowledge
Separate
Silence
Inform
Support
Time
Squawk

Share the problem out between other staff in the tower

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5
Q

What may be expected to happen with a Bomb Warning and what actions should be taken?

A

Expect
- ACFT may stop climb
- Request for immediate level re-clearance
- Landing next suitable aerodrome
- ACFT early in landing configuration
- RWY in use, length, surface, elevation, ILS- and NAV frequencies

Actions
- Clear airspace in immediate vicinity
- Ask for flying time needed
- Evacuation after landing
- Additional stairs required
- Clear RWY according to local instructions
- Keep safety strip clear
- Arrange parking away from buildings/other ACFT

N.B. Remember ASSISTS acronym

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6
Q

What may be expected to happen with Brake Problems and what actions should be taken?

A

Expect
- Pilots request longest RWY
- Overrunning RWY THR at far end
- Burst tyre
- ACFT may swerve off RWY
- RWY blocked after landing

Actions
- Inform pilot about RWY length/condition
- Keep safety strip clear
- Towing equipment on stand-by as appropriate
- Technical staff required

N.B. Remember ASSISTS acronym

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7
Q

What may be expected to happen with Electrical Problems and what, if needed, should the pilot be informed of?

A

Expect
- High stress level in the cockpit NAV – failure, including compass
- Transponder switched off (save energy)
- Communication failure
- Limited readbacks
- Level changes to maintain VMC
- Manual gear extension
- Possible engine failure

If needed, inform pilot of
- Next suitable aerodrome
- Aerodrome details as soon as possible
- Suitable vectors and position information
- Save energy

N.B. Remember ASSISTS acronym

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8
Q

What may Rough running engine/partial engine failure result in and what may be expected to happen?

A

May result in
- Abandoned TKOF
- Pressurisation Problems
- Hydraulic Issues
- Fuel Dumping
- Precautionary Approach

Expect
- Heavy workload in the cockpit
- Deviation from SID
- Intermediate level-off
- Descent
- Course deviation
- Pressurisation problems

N.B. Remember ASSISTS acronym

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9
Q

What may Engine Failure result in and what may be expected to happen?

A

May result in
- Abandoned TKOF
- Pressurisation Problems
- Fuel Dumping
- Precautionary Approach
- Hydraulic Issues

Expect
- Heavy workload in the cockpit
- Deviation from SID
- Intermediate level-off
- Descent
- Course deviation
- Pressurisation problems

N.B. Remember ASSISTS acronym

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10
Q

When are aerodrome control towers responsible for alerting the rescue and fire fighting services?

A
  • ACFT accident has occurred on or in vicinity of aerodrome.
  • Information is received that safety of an ACFT has been impaired
  • Requested by flight crew
  • When deemed necessary or desirable
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11
Q

What are the 3 phases of emergency?

A
  • INCERFA (Uncertainty Phase): A situation wherein UNCERTAINTY exists as to safety of an ACFT & its occupants
    (i) Max duration 30 minutes
    (ii) Overdue - ACFT fails to arrive within 30 mins of ETA OR has been cleared for approach after holding and fails to land within 5 mins of estimated landing time
    (iii) JRCC & ACC alerted – information gathering
  • ALERFA (Alert Phase): A situation wherein APPREHENSION exists as to safety of an ACFT & its occupants
    (i) Max duration 1 hour
    (ii) Overdue - Enquiries in INCERFA are fruitless OR ACFT cleared to land fails to land within 5 minutes of estimated landing time and comms not re-established
    (iii) JRCC alerts SAR immediately
  • DETRESFA (Distress Phase): A situation wherein there is REASONABLE CERTAINTY that an ACFT & its occupants are threatened by grave and imminent danger and require immediate assistance
    (i) Active until ACFT is found/survivors rescued OR there is no longer a chance of doing so
    (ii) Overdue - More widespread enquiries in ALERFA are fruitless OR fuel considered exhausted
    (iii) JRCC puts SAR plan into operation and directs it
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12
Q

What are the aerodrome RFFS categories and what are they based on?

A

Special and 1-10
Based on the length of the longest aeroplane normally using the aerodrome and its fuselage width

H1 to H3 for helicopters
Based on overall length including tail boom and rotor of longest helicopter to use the airport. May reduced to highest category required at the time (during smaller helicopter ops)

If, during busiest consecutive 3 months of preceding 12 months there were less than 700 movements of ACFT in highest category, RFFS category may be reduced by 1

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13
Q

Depletion of RFFS

A
  1. Changes in RFFS protections notified by Aerodrome Operator to ATC
  2. ATC to ensure unplanned reductions in RFFS category are notified to flight crew via ATIS and RT using following phraseology:
    (a) Message from the aerodrome operator, rescue and fire fighting services reduced to category (NUMBER)
    (b) Message from the aerodrome operator, no rescue and fire fighting services available
  3. ATSU will inform parent ACC and other ATSUs
  4. Flight crew will make decision whether to continue/divert (Expect ACFT to divert except in an emergency)
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14
Q

At aerodromes where RFFS category is 3 or higher, how often must the emergency orders be tested?

A

Full scale emergency exercise every 2 years minimum

N.B. Partial emergency exercises in intervening year to ensure that deficiencies found in full-scale exercise have been rectified

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15
Q

What is the fire response time objective?

A

2 minutes and should not exceed 3 minutes from initial call to time that first responding vehicle is in position and able to produce foam of at least 50% of discharge rate specified

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16
Q

Pilot VMC procedures for radio failure

A
  • Select SSR code 7600
  • Land at nearest suitable aerodrome
  • Look for visual landing aids and watch for visual signals
  • Report to ATC unit on landing ASAP

N.B. When VMC cannot be maintained, adopt IMC procedures

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17
Q

Pilot SVFR procedures for radio failure

A
  • Select 7600
  • If functioning transmitter, transmit blind position reports and intentions
  • If not inside CTR, must remain clear, even if SVFR clearance is obtained
  • If inside CTR:
    Inbound - proceed in accordance with SVFR clearance to aerodrome and land ASAP. When in aerodrome traffic circuit, watch for visual signals
    Transit - Continue flight not above cleared altitude to leave CTR by most direct route, taking into account weather, obstacle clearance and areas of known dense traffic
  • For above (inside CTR), if flying heading advised by radar, when radio failure occurs, resume own navigation and carry out appropriate procedure
  • Notify ATC unit concerned ASAP after landing
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18
Q

ATC actions for radio failure - STORCALE

A
  • Separate – Maintain separation between RCF and known traffic (2000ft minimum in RVSM airspace)
  • Transmit – Level, Route, EAT or ETA to which RCF ACFT is assumed to be adhering. Wx at destination/suitable alternate including RWY and areas suitable for descent through cloud
  • Other – Inform other ACFT of RCF ACFT plus pertinent info
  • Request assistance – Use all possible means to monitor RCF ACFTs progress - Radar, ACC, D&D - attempt to identify and monitor, other ACFT to transmit and relay messages, utilise ACARS, datalink and HF
  • Continue – to transmit information
  • Alternates – In consultation with operator, notify alternates of RCF ACFT. Request that they attempt to establish 2 way comms with RCF ACFT
  • Liaise – With operator. Transmit blind any diversion info as requested
  • Emergency - action as appropriate, overdue action, other action

N.B. Know local instructions

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19
Q

Define Strayed ACFT

A

An ACFT which has deviated significantly from its intended track, or which reports it is lost

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20
Q

Define Unidentified ACFT

A

An ACFT which has been observed or reported to be operating in a given area but whose identity has not been established

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21
Q

Strayed ACFT - ATC Actions

A
  1. Attempt to establish two way comms (unless it already exists) and inform pilot of position
  2. Inform other ATS units whose area the ACFT has strayed or may stray
  3. Request appropriate assistance from D&D, other units, and other ACFT in establishing comms
  4. Notify civil watch supervisor at the parent ACC if unlawful interference suspected
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22
Q

Unidentified ACFT - ATC Actions

A
  1. Attempt to establish identity of ACFT
  2. Attempt to establish two way comms
  3. Inform D&D and other affected units and request assistance in establishing identity/comms
  4. Notify civil watch supervisor at parent ACC if unlawful interference suspected
  5. If possible attempt to obtain information from other ACFT in area
  6. As required, notify those units consulted in tracing of unidentified ACFT that the ACFT’s identity has been ascertained
  7. Complete an MOR
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23
Q

Lost ACFT - ATC Actions

A
  1. Treat pilot position estimate with caution
  2. Use ATS surveillance systems and VDF in attempt to locate ACFT
  3. Consider asking pilot to climb if comms are poor. They may not be able to climb
  4. Consider terrain clearance if low level
  5. Request assistance from other units in determining ACFT position
  6. VDF bearings from other units may assist in fixing position. Pass to pilot
  7. Inform D&D
  8. Notify civil watch supervisor at parent ACC if unlawful interference suspected

Once position is known, pass information to the pilot with corrective action. Coordinate as necessary with other units

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24
Q

Non-radio preliminary overdue action

A

Commence not later than 30 mins after ETA

  1. Check flight plan for obvious errors
  2. Consult operating company or representative if available
  3. Confirm ATD with aerodrome of departure
  4. Inform/coordinate with ACC supervisor:
    (a) Check alternate aerodromes
    (b) Send RQS message
    (c) Check likely aerodromes on/adjacent to route
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25
Q

Non-radio full overdue action

A

Commence not later than 1 hour after ETA

  1. Notify parent ACC that ACFT is now fully overdue and state action already taken
  2. In consultation with ACC, continue endeavours to trace ACFT
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26
Q

Radio equipped preliminary overdue action

A

Commence not later than 30 mins after estimated time position report should have been made over reporting point

  1. Advise ACC supervisor that ACFT is overdue
  2. Confirm ATD from departure aerodrome
  3. Ensure RQS message is sent
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27
Q

Radio equipped full overdue action

A

If, after preliminary action, there is no news

Or

1 hour has elapsed since scheduled position report should have been received

Or

Fuel carried by ACFT is considered exhausted

Whichever is sooner, controller at destination aerodrome shall inform ACC supervisor that ACFT is fully overdue

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28
Q

Non-appearance of ACFT - ATC Actions

A

If an ACFT cleared to commence approach fails to land within 5 minutes of estimated time of landing and communication cannot be established…

  1. Alert Approach Radar
  2. Request other ACFT in the vicinity to keep a lookout
  3. Exercise caution when authorising movement of aerodrome traffic
  4. Alert emergency services
  5. Check with other aerodromes in the vicinity
  6. If necessary, send a RQS message
  7. Advise ACC supervisor

AREA CIA

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29
Q

Bomb warning categories

A
  • RED - Credible threat relating to specific target or where caller has identified themselves or organisation involved. Likely to involve danger to people, property and/or operational/commercial activities and therefore requires immediate protective measures
  • AMBER - Doubtful credibility but still prudent to consider additional protective measures, especially if there are doubts about effectiveness of existing countermeasures
  • GREEN - Non-credible threat requiring no further action

N.B. ATC should not take part in threat assessment. Aerodrome authorities/airline operators take lead and have specialist assessors. Pilot may or may not be involved in analysis

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30
Q

What are the 2 classes of emergency message?

A
  • Distress - A condition of being threatened by serious and imminent danger and of requiring immediate assistance - MAYDAY
  • Urgency - A condition concerning the safety of an ACFT, vehicle, person on board or within sight but does not require immediate assistance - PAN PAN
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31
Q

What should a distress/urgency message contain?

A
  1. MAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAY (for distress) or PAN PAN PAN PAN PAN PAN (for urgency)
  2. Station addressed (time and circumstance permitting), ACFT callsign and type
  3. Nature of emergency
  4. Intentions of pilot + present/last known position, level and heading
  5. Qualification of pilot e.g. student, IMC or full instrument rating (urgency messages)
  6. As much other information as time permits
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32
Q

Visual signals from ACFT to notify distress and urgency?

A

Distress (MAY DAY)
- Signalling SOS with signalling apparatus … — …
- Succession of pyrotechnical lights fired at short intervals, each showing single red light
- Parachute flare showing red light

Urgency (PAN PAN)
- Switching landing lights on and off repeatedly
- Switching nav lights on and off repeatedly
- A succession of white pyrotechnical lights
- Signalling XXX with signalling apparatus (very urgent message) -..–..–..-

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33
Q

SSR Transponder codes indicating an emergency situation

A
  • 7700 - ACFT Emergency
  • 7600 - Radio failure
  • 7500 - Hijack or other act of violence
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34
Q

Where should fuel jettisoning take place and what should be coordinated with the flight crew when inside controlled airspace?

A
  • Over water or above 10000ft agl
  • If above is impracticable or inconsistent with safety then above 7000ft agl in winter and above 4000ft in summer

Coordination

  • Route
  • Level
  • Estimated duration
  • Frequency monitored

N.B. For fuel to be jettisoned below these levels, the situation must be unavoidable. Not over cities or densely populated areas or near thunderstorms

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35
Q

Define ACFT Accident/ACFT Accident Imminent

A

ACFT accidents which have occurred/are inevitable on, or in the vicinity of the aerodrome

An ACFT accident has occurred when an ACFT, manned or unmanned, receives substantial damage or causes death or serious injury or damage to property

N.B. Category of emergency

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36
Q

Define ACFT ground incident

A

ACFT on the ground known to have an emergency situation other than an accident, requiring the attendance of emergency services

N.B. Category of emergency

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37
Q

Define Full Emergency

A

When it is known that an ACFT in the air is, or is suspected to be, in such difficulties that there is danger of an accident

N.B. Category of emergency. Pilot should be asked to confirm ACFT type unless it is confirmed from another source that flight plan is correct

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38
Q

Define Local Standby

A

When it is known that an ACFT has, or is suspected to have, developed some defect which would not normally involve any serious difficulty in effecting a safe landing

N.B. Category of emergency. Pilot should be asked to confirm ACFT type unless it is confirmed from another source that flight plan is correct

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39
Q

Define Weather Standby

A

When weather conditions are such as to render landing difficult or difficult to observe

E.g. Strong crosswind, poor visibility, ice or snow on the runway

N.B. Category of emergency

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40
Q

Define Wind Shear
Where could it occur?
What phraseology is used to inform ACFT?

A

Definition

Sustained change in wind velocity along ACFT flight path which occurs significantly faster than the can accelerate or decelerate

Wind shear could occur

  1. In presence of frontal/squall/thunderstorm activity
  2. In presence of low level inversions
  3. When local terrain or buildings cause change in wind speed/direction

Phraseology

“At time _____, a departing/arriving ACFT TYPE reported wind shear at HEIGHT. Airspeed loss/gain _____ knots, strong left/right drift”

Put on ATIS and inform inbound/outbound ACFT until confirmed that it no longer exists

N.B. ACFT may exceed missed approach altitude. Pass traffic information as necessary

41
Q

What is an RQS message?

A

Request supplementary flight plan message

42
Q

What is contained within field 19 on a flight plan

A

E - Endurance E/0430
P - POB P/005 not P/5
R - Radio UHF VHF ELT
S - Survival Polar Desert Maritime Jungle
J - Jackets Life jackets Flourescent
D - Dinghies
A - ACFT colour
N - Remarks
C - Pilot in command

43
Q

What is the Speechless Code?

A

— = Yes
—— = No
——— = Say again
———— = Homing
—..— = Further emergency
Long transmission = Manoeuvre complete

Closed questions only

N.B. Speechless 1 callsign may be adopted/allocated if callsign unknown

44
Q

Light signals from ACFT

A

Green flashing light/pyrotechnic:

  • By day = May I land in a different direction to the T?
  • By night = May I land?
45
Q

Light signals from tower

A

Steady Red

  • On Ground - STOP
  • In Air - Give way to other ACFT and continue circling

Red Pyrotechnic

Do not land for the time being

Flashing Red

  • On Ground - Move clear of landing area
  • In Air - Do not land, aerodrome unsafe

Steady Green

  • On Ground - Cleared for TKOF
  • In Air - Cleared to land

Flashing Green

  • On Ground - Cleared to taxi
  • In Air - Return to aerodrome and wait for permission to land

Flashing White

  • On Ground - Return to starting point
  • In Air - Land at this aerodrome and proceed to apron (landing and taxi clearances to follow)

N.B. Above is acknowledged by rocking wings/moving ailerons or rudder. By night, flash twice the ACFTs landing lights or nav lights

46
Q

Flight priorities

A

A - Emergency, Police Emergency, Medical Emergency
B - SAR, Humanitarian, Post Accident Flight Checks, Open Skies Flights, Normal Police Ops
C - Royal Flights, Flights Carrying Visiting Heads of State (Notified by NOTAM)
D - Heads of Government and Senior Ministers
E - Calibration Flights
Normal Flights and Exam Flights
Z - Training, Non-Standard, Other

47
Q

What is the RFFS frequency and its rules for use?

A

121.6MHz

  • Use on ground only, ACFT must also listen out with ATC. Fire won’t know callsign of ACFT
  • ATC should inform RFFS of POB, dangerous goods and whether the ACFT is evacuating
48
Q

Removal of crashed ACFT

A
  • Responsibility of aerodrome operator/ACFT owner/operator
  • If there is a reportable accident, AAIB needs to give permission for removal
  • If the crashed ACFT could further endanger life, even if it is a reportable accident, senior controller to inform aerodrome operator to seek its emergency removal. E.g. other arriving ACFT having insufficient fuel for diversion
49
Q

ATC actions for laser attack on ACFT

A
  1. Acknowledge report from pilot
  2. Seek as much information as possible from pilot:
    (a) Time
    (b) Altitude and position
    (c) Description of laser
    (d) Any avoiding action
    (e) Any impact upon vision
  3. Anticipate pilot adopting manoeuvres to minimise impact
  4. Dial 999 - inform police
  5. Warn other ACFT in vicinity
  6. Record in watch log and complete SRG 1602
50
Q

ATC actions for laser attack on control tower

A
  1. Look away if possible
  2. Shield eyes, use blinds if feasible
  3. Advise ACFT under your control that a laser is illuminating you
  4. Avoid rubbing eyes to reduce potential corneal abrasion
  5. Increase ambient light if feasible
  6. Consider handing over control to a colleague in position not exposed to laser
  7. Inform supervisor, aerodrome operator and pass information to police
  8. Ensure laser attack is recorded in watch log and on SRG 1602
51
Q

Where are actions to be taken with regard to Unlawful Acts detailed?

A

Aerodrome’s Contingency Plan

Drawn up in conjunction with the local Police

52
Q

What are Unlawful Acts?

A

Acts or attempted acts such as to jeopardise the safety of civil aviation & air transport

53
Q

With regard to Off-Aerodrome Accidents, where are actions be taken contained?

A

Emergency Orders should contain the details of the action to be taken in the case of ACFT accidents occurring outside the aerodrome boundaries

54
Q

What are the responsibilities of the aerodrome operator concerning Radius of Action?

A
  • Preparation of detailed aerodrome emergency orders
  • Determining radius of action of aerodrome fire service
  • Advising ATC & ACFT operators when fire cat depleted
55
Q

Examples of Domestic Fire/Incident

A
  • Fire in training exercise (danger, smoke drifting)
  • Fire in terminal
  • Road traffic collision in vicinity of aerodrome
  • Local flooding

N.B. Category of emergency

56
Q

How are ACFT engines numbered?

A

From left to right from the point of view of the pilot looking forward

57
Q

Bomb procedures

A
  • CAT RED flights or where no time to categorise treated as emergency and given flight priority A
  • CAT AMBER - May be treated as emergency and given flight priority A if deemed necessary by NatRep (National Representative of the Air Defence Authority)
  • When captain initiates distress message with “bomb on board”, expect request to land immediately at nearest suitable aerodrome
  • NatRep responsible for deciding landing aerodrome and route to get there, including whether not ACFT overflies densely populated areas
  • Prestwick, Humberside, military preference
  • Coordinate with ACC supervisor
  • Do not provide advice or suggestions to crew regarding explosive device
  • Any ATC agency required to send a message on behalf of a National Authority should do so verbatim
  • File an MOR
58
Q

ATC response to Hijack Squawk 7500

A
  • Continue to transmit information pertinent to safe conduct of flight, without expecting a reply from the ACFT
  • Monitor and plot progress of flight with means available, and coordinate transfer of control with adjacent ATS units without requiring transmissions/other responses from ACFT, unless comms with the ACFT remains normal
  • “(CALLSIGN), confirm you are squawking assigned code” (DO NOT MENTION 7500)
  • Government may withhold clearance to enter national airspace/land at an airfield using following phraseology:
    (i) (CALLSIGN), I am instructed by His Majesty’s Government to refuse entry into United Kingdom Airspace. What are your intentions?
    (II) (CALLSIGN), I am instructed by His Majesty’s Government to inform you that landing clearance has been refused for any airfield within the United Kingdom
    (iii) (CALLSIGN), I am instructed by His Majesty’s Government that you are to hold at (LOCATION ON AERODROME, EXACT REPORTING POINT, OR LAT/LONG) at (LEVEL). Acknowledge
  • Coordinate with ACC Supervisor/Police/Fire/Company/Pilot/D&D/Ops for buses, evacuation
59
Q

When should radio fail procedures be adopted?

A
  • ACFT squawks 7600 and pilot does not respond to ATC
  • Comms cannot be maintained with ACFT being provided with an ATC or advisory service
  • Comms cannot be established with IFR ACFT in controlled or advisory airspace

Consider that it might not be radio failure

  • ACFT may have selected incorrect frequency or may be outside of designated operational RT coverage
  • Other ACFT could be used to relay transmissions

N.B. Radio failure should not be considered in isolation and emergency action should also be applied if appropriate

60
Q

Triangle pattern

A
  • For lost pilots with radio fail (transmitter only or complete) - last resort to indicate assistance required
  • At least two triangular patterns before resuming course
  • ACFT Speed 300kts or less - Length of leg: 2 mins, Transmitter failure only: Right hand turns, Complete failure: Left hand turns
  • ACFT Speed more than 300kts - Length of leg: 1 min, Transmitter failure only: Right hand turns, Complete failure: Left hand turns
  • If observed, advised D&D of position and track and continue to plot while within ATS Cover

N.B. Be aware of wind

61
Q

Other special squawks : 7400, 0033, 0030, 0020, 0024

A

7400: UAV lost
0033: Parachute dropping
0030: Lost
0031: Found
0020: Air ambulance
0024: Calibration

62
Q

Indications of Hijack

A

Identified by:

  • Squawk 7500 IF SEEN DO NOT MENTION 7500
  • Reports from unofficial sources
  • Open RT transmitter
  • Political statements over the RT
  • Threats passed by third parties
63
Q

Hijack general principals

A
  • Shall attend promptly to requests
  • ACFT given priority and expedition
  • Avoid notifying other ACFT unless already been done
  • Reduced separation between Hijacked ACFT allowed if asked for by commander
  • Relay all messages to authority
  • Transmit flight related information as normal and monitor progress of flight
64
Q

Who to inform of hijack

A
  • Watch Supervisor at parent ACC
  • Information hijacks in European airspace to be reported to other states
  • Reporting action listed in national procedures
65
Q

Diversion procedures

A
  • Call APC
  • Hold ACFT
  • Obtain clearance
  • Pass diversion to ACFT
  • Pass alternate weather if required
  • Advise operator
  • Notify Aerodrome operator
  • Consider liaising with ACC if aerodrome due to close
  • Notify aerodrome of departure
  • Notify destination aerodrome
  • Notify ACC’s serving route
  • Notify route charge
66
Q

Phraseology to acknowledge emergency

A

(ACFT CALLSIGN) (ATCU CALLSIGN), roger Mayday/Pan

67
Q

Phraseology to impose silence

A

All stations (ATCU CALLSIGN), stop transmitting – Mayday

68
Q

Phraseology to cancel imposition of silence

A

All stations (ATCU CALLSIGN) distress traffic ended

69
Q

Phraseology to transfer ACFT to another frequency during an emergency

A

Mayday (ACFT CALLSIGN) all other ACFT contact (STATION) on (FREQUENCY) out

70
Q

Define Hijacking

A

The unlawful seizure or exercise of control of an ACFT by use of force or threats

71
Q

Define Unlawful Use of an ACFT

A

Movement on the ground and flight of an ACFT by an unauthorised person or for an illegal purpose

E.g. Intent to defect, effect escape of prisoners/special hospital patients, furtherance of crime including terrorism

72
Q

Define AIRPROX

A

A situation in which, in the opinion of the pilot or a controller, the distance between ACFT as well as their relative positions and speeds have been such that the safety of the ACFT involved was or may have been compromised

73
Q

Pilot IMC procedures for radio failure

A

May enter CAS if already cleared to do so. Otherwise, remain clear of CAS, unless overriding safety reason compels entry. There may be local procedures.

  • Squawk 7600
  • Time - For 7 minutes, maintain current speed and last assigned level (or MSA if higher). If on SID, fly the SID and then, for remainder of 7 minutes (maintain as above)
  • Adjust - after 7 minutes, adjust speed and level as per flight plan and continue to appropriate designated landing aid serving destination. Continue to transmit position reports. Include altitude/flight level over routine reporting points.
  • RNAV Offset/Vectored - If being vectored without a limit or offset RNAV, continue on last acknowledged instruction for 3 minutes only, then rejoin current flight plan route. Remain at or above MSA.
  • Over - Fly over designated landing aid as close to last acknowledged ETA at the highest MSA in account of en-route terrain clearance
  • Profile - If following a STAR, after 7 minutes arrange descent as close as possible to descent planning profile. If no profile published, descend to minimum published level at designated Initial Approach Fix
  • Descend - Begin further descent at last acknowledged EAT. In none, calculated ETA. If necessary, remain in holding pattern until minimum holding level, ROD not less than 500fpm. If delay not determined, do no land, divert to flight planned alternate or another suitable aerodrome
  • Instrument Approach Procedure - Carry out as specified, if possible, land within 30 minutes EAT or calculated ETA. Take account of visual landing aids and watch for visual signals
  • Radar - If RT fails during radar approach, continue visually or by using alternative aid. If not practical, execute missed approach and continue to holding facility for aerodrome of intended landing to which IAP is notified and carry out that procedure
74
Q

What is ACAS?

A

Airborne Collision Avoidance System

  • ACFT system based on transponder signals
  • Operates independently of ground based equipment
  • Provides advice to pilot on potential conflicting ACFT that are equipped with transponders
75
Q

What is the only equipment currently able to meet ACAS II mandate requirements?

A

TCAS II Software Version 7

N.B. TCAS - Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System. TCAS and ACAS terms are often used interchangeably

76
Q

Which ACFT are mandated to carry and operate ICAO-SARPs compliant ACAS equipment?

A

All civil turbine engine ACFT having a Maximum TKOF Mass (MTOM) exceeding 5700kg or a maximum approved seating configuration of more than 19

77
Q

What types of transponder allow the use of TCAS?

A
  • Mode A/C - Give both TA and RA but only if Mode C available. If conflicting ACFT is not reporting altitude, TA may be given but not RA
  • Mode S - Communicate with each other and agree course of action
  • TCAS depends entirely on SSR, therefore, if conflict ACFT not transponding, no TCAS warning given
78
Q

What symbology is used in TCAS?

A
  • Other Traffic - Hollow cyan or white diamond - Non-altitude reporting and none threat
  • Proximate Traffic - Solid cyan or white diamond - Any target within 6nm and 1200ft
  • Intruders - Solid yellow or amber circle - Triggers TA - 20-48 seconds before closest point of approach - “Traffic Traffic”
  • Threats - Solid red square - Triggers RA - Starts conflict resolution process up to 35 seconds before closest point of approach - E.g. “Climb, climb now”
79
Q

What is a TA?

A

Traffic Advisory warning

  • Typically 45 seconds before assumed collision
  • Pilots advised not to take avoiding action on basis of TA alone but may ask for traffic information
  • Pilot looks for confliction ACFT visually and does not manoeuvre

N.B. Time varies with altitude

80
Q

What is a RA?

A

Resolution Advisory warning

  • Typically 30 seconds before assumed collision
  • Pilot receives advice to climb, descend or maintain existing flight profile. Rate of climb or descent may also be given
  • Pilot expected to respond immediately but have been instructed to restrict manoeuvres to the minimum necessary to resolve confliction
  • Advise ATC ASAP and return to original flight path as soon as it is safe to do so

N.B. Time varies with altitude

81
Q

What are frequent causes of nuisance RAs?

A
  • High vertical speed, particularly at low level in congested airspace
  • Ground testing of transponders
82
Q

ATC actions in the event of a TCAS RA

A
  • Acknowledge with “(CALLSIGN), Roger”. Do not issue instructions to the ACFT
  • ATC responsibility ceases for provision of separation from affected traffic
  • Controller should not routinely pass traffic information to ACFT conducting RA manoeuvres, or other ACFT affected by such manoeuvres
  • Controller shall resume responsibility for providing separation for affected ACFT once pilot reports clear of conflict and controller acknowledges that ACFT has resumed current clearance or they have issued alternative instructions which flight crew have acknowledged
83
Q

Below what levels are TCAS RAs inhibited?

A
  • Enhanced RA “Increase Descent” below 1450ft agl
  • Descend RA below 1100ft agl
  • All RAs below 1000ft agl
  • All spoken messages below 500ft agl
  • RAs also inhibited when some terrain avoidance systems or wind shear warnings are active
84
Q

All ACAS RAs are required to be reported, within __________, under the __________

A
  • 72 hours
  • MOR scheme

N.B. Report does not absolve the controller from additionally reporting an AIRPROX or other report about the same incident, according to circumstances

85
Q

What is contained in an AIRPROX report by RTF and what should senior controller do?

A
  • The words AIRPROX report
  • Position at time of incident
  • Time of incident
  • Altitude/FL (Climbing, descending or level flight)
  • Heading
  • Brief details of incident including first sighting and miss distance
  • Weather conditions

Senior controller actions
- Inform ACC supervisor
- Inform ACFT operators according to local unit instructions
- Submit an MOR

86
Q

D&D

A

Distress and Diversion Cell

  • Provide emergency and fixing service for civil and military ACFT, SAR alerting service, facilities for practicing emergencies for pilots and controllers, regional pressure settings, weather and airfield information
  • Based at Swanwick
  • 121.5Mhz and 243MHz (military) - Callsign London Centre
  • Executive control over all ACFT emergencies in England, Scotland and Wales. Limited coverage in Northern Ireland

Auto Triangulation Coverage

  • London FIR - Over land east of Wales and South of Manchester at and above 3000ft amsl and within 40nm of Heathrow, at and above 2000ft amsl
  • Scottish FIR - At and above 8500ft amsl, reducing to 2000ft-5000ft amsl over the sea, lowland areas and Scottish TMA
87
Q

Controller responsibilities to an ACFT in an emergency

A
  • Offer as much assistance as possible
  • Provide information on aerodrome availability and associated approach aids, weather and details of terrain clearance
  • Coordinate with Approach, ACC, Airline Operator, Aerodrome authority and D&D
  • Provide an alerting service
88
Q

What should a controller do if a message that an ACFT is in an emergency is intercepted?

A
  • Forward message to station being called and or ACC supervisor
  • Attempt to establish two way comms with ACFT
  • Give every assistance to emergency ACFT
89
Q

When should aerodrome controller notify local emergency services of expected forced landing?

A

When emergency ACFT is within radius of action of aerodrome fire service, otherwise, done through ACC supervisor

90
Q

What flight level is an emergency descent down to?

A

FL100

91
Q

ACC responsibilities in an emergency

A
  • Co-ordinating the operation unless immediately effective action can be taken at the originating unit
  • Taking alerting action
  • Alerting D&D
92
Q

Who must be notified if an ACFT in an emergency is carrying dangerous goods as cargo?

A

Aerodrome operator and RFFS immediately

93
Q

Where should an ACFT in an emergency, carrying explosives under exemption from the CAA be diverted to?

A
  • RAF or USAF
  • Humberside
  • Prestwick
94
Q

ACFT carrying explosives under exemption from the CAA should NOT be diverted where?

A

Heathrow, Gatwick or Manchester

95
Q

Examples of when hijacking might be suspected/unverified hijack status

A
  • Unauthorised deviation from cleared flight plan
  • Refusal or inability to comply with ATC with no good reason
  • Unauthorised changes of SSR codes or extended use of IDENT
  • Non-standard RT or political statements
  • Open transmitter from cockpit
  • Report from unofficial source or nonspecific threat via 3rd party
96
Q

Who shall be provided with an alerting service?

A
  • All ACFT provided with an air traffic service
  • In so far as practicable, to all ACFT having filed a flight plan or otherwise know to ATSU
  • Any ACFT known or believed to be subject of unlawful interference
97
Q

Define Reportable Accident

A

An occurrence associated with operation of an ACFT which, in case of manned aircraft, takes place between time any person boards an ACFT with intention of flight until such time as all such persons have disembarked, or in case of unmanned ACFT, takes place between time ACFT is ready to move with purpose of flight until such time as it comes to rest at the end of flight and primary propulsion system is shut down, in which:

  1. A person is fatally or seriously injured

OR

  1. ACFT sustained damage or structural failure which adversely affects structural strength, performance, or flight characteristics.

OR

  1. ACFT missing or completely inaccessible
98
Q

Methods of communication other than radio

A
  • CPDLC
  • SELCAL
  • Speechless code using carrier wave
  • ALDIS lamps
99
Q

How could the controller determine, during suspected radio failure, if an ACFTs receiver is still working?

A
  • Responding to an ATC instruction to orbit or other manoeuvre instruction
  • Responding to ATC instruction to squawk ident (if ACFT is fitted with a transponder)

ADI (2 decks)

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