ABE MIDTERM Flashcards
1
Q
Deals with the study of application, use,
and management of various agricultural
machines, tools, and equipment used for
production and post-production operation
A
Agricultural Machinery
2
Q
Deals with the development, manufacture,
and extension of appropriate tools,
implements, and machinery using animal,
human, mechanical, electrical, and other
renewable sources of energy for the
agricultural production and development
and post harvest operations.
A
Agricultural Mechanization
2
Q
Models of Farm Mechanization
A
HIGH LAND AREA-TO-FARMER RATIO
LOW LAND AREA-TO-FARMER RATIO
2
Q
To cultivate large agricultural lands with
limited manpower
A
HIGH LAND AREA-TO-FARMER RATIO
3
Q
Increase yields by increasing level of mechanization
inputs
A
LOW LAND AREA-TO-FARMER RATIO
4
Q
Grouping of agricultural land properties
into contiguous areas with provision of
farm and rural infrastructures for efficient,
effective and profitable crop production
and postharvest processing
A
LAND CONSOLIDATION
5
Q
Grouping together of farms in an area (min.
of 50 ha-cluster) for synchronized farming
operations for the purpose of efficient field
operation
A
FARM CLUSTERING
6
Q
a device or a mechanical
contrivance consisting of two or more relatively constrained components which is energized by power source to transmit, modify force and motion to accomplish some desired kind of work.
A
Machine
7
Q
human-powered instrument or
implement usually without parts that move
relative to one another like hoe, dibbler.
A
Tool
8
Q
includes stationary oil engines, tractors, power tillers,
and self-propelled combines. The internal combustion engine is a good
device for converting liquid fuel into useful work (mechanical work).
A
Mechanical Power
8
Q
are machines that converts
electrical energy to mechanical power by
producing rotational motion and torque.
A
Electric motors
9
Q
current in amperes a conductor can carry continuously under the condition
of use without exceeding its temperature rating.
A
Ampacity
9
Q
refers to how frequently the motor is started and how long it will run each
time it is started
A
Duty rating
10
Q
has three individual voltages applied to the motor
A
Three phase
10
Q
Armature winding or rotating part of electric motor which is typically constructed
of a laminated steel core containing current carrying copper wires
A
Rotor
10
Q
number of individual voltages applied to the motor.
A
Phase
10
Q
has one voltage applied to the motor in the shape of a sine wave.
A
Single phase
11
Q
indicates the maximum load that can be successfully carried by the
motor if it is to be operated continuously and remain within a safe temperature range.
A
Service Factor
11
Q
field poles or stationary part of electric motor consisting of copper windings
which is placed in a laminated iron core.
A
Stator
12
Q
twisting or turning force produced by the motor.
A
torque
13
Q
maximum torque a motor can develop during overload without
stalling
A
Breakdown torque
14
Q
motor torque at zero speed or the maximum torque required to start
the load
A
Starting torque
14
Q
motors where current is sent into the
stator windings which is placed in a stationary
laminated iron core. The rotating element may or
may not be a set of magnet poles.
A
AC Motor
15
Q
motor wherein the current is sent
into the armature winding which is placed in
between a set of radially supported magnet
poles.
A
DC Motor
16
these are small series motors up to
3.73 kW rating which are commonly designed to
operate on either DC or AC.
Universal
17
It is the energy mainly obtained from
renewable sources of energy like sun,
wind, biomass, etc.
Renewable
18
A shaft that allows transmission of power from a farm
tractor to a piece of equipment attached to it.
POWER TAKE-OFF (PTO)
18
A structure on a farm tractor or self-propelled machine that limits
most equipment roll-overs to 90 degrees and protects the operator
within the frame of safety if he/she is wearing the seatbelt
ROLL-OVER PROTECTIVE STRUCTURE (ROPS)
19
The operator must be competent
to operate the machinery
Training
20
Always conduct pre-inspection of
the machinery before operating
MAINTENANCE OF THE MACHINERY
20
Make sure the environment is safe
before operation/ inspect the
environment
Environment
20
Place palms at ear level facing head and move laterally
inward to indicate remaining distance to go.
This far to go
21
Raise the arm vertically overhead, palm to the front, and
rotate in large horizontal circles.
Come to me
21
Point toward person(s), vehicles(s), unit(s), beckon by
holding the arm horizontally to the front, palm up, and
motioning toward the body.
Move toward me/Follow me
22
Face the desired direction of movement; hold the arm extended to
the rear; then swing it overhead and forward in the direction of
desired movement until it is horizontal, palm down.
Move out/Take off
22
Raise hand upward to the full extent of the arm, palm to
the front. Hold that position until the signal is
understood.
Stop
23
Raise the hand to the shoulder, fist closed, thrust the fist
upward to the full extent of the arm and back to the
shoulder rapidly several times.
Speed it up/Increase speed
24
Extend the arm horizontally sideward, palm down, and wave arm
downward 45 degree minimum several times keeping the arm
straight. Do not move arm above horizontal.
Slow it down/Decrease speed
25
Draw right hand, palm down, across the neck in a
“throat cutting” motion from left to right.
Stop the engine
25
Make circular motion with either hand pointing to the
ground.
Lower the equipment
25
Simulate cranking of vehicles by moving arm in a circular
motion at waist level.
Start the engine
25
Make circular motion with either hand at head level.
Raise equipment
25
is any material that
store energy which is
subsequently extracted to
perform mechanical work
in a controlled manner.
Fuel
26
is a natural occurring flammable liquid consisting of a
complex mixture of hydrocarbons with various molecular weights
and of other liquid organic compounds that are found in geologic
formation beneath the earth’s surface.
Crude oil
26
is naturally occurring hydrocarbons gas mixture
consisting primarily of methane, with other hydrocarbons, carbon
dioxide, nitrogen and hydrogen sulfide.
Natural gas
27
is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock
usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds
or coal seams.
Coal
27
is a flammable mixture of
hydrocarbon gases used as fuel in heating appliances and
vehicles. It consists of propane and butane.
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
27
is usually referred to the part of the
energy of an atomic nucleus which can be released by fusion of
fission of by radioactive decay
Nuclear Energy (Uranium)
28
This is a wood intended for use as fuel.
Wood fuel
28
This consists of small trees,
branches, tops and unmerchantable wood left in the
forest after cleaning, thinning or final felling of forest
stands used as fuel.
Forest residue
28
They are commonly
known as trash or garbage consisting of everyday
items that are discarded by the public
Municipal solid wastes
28
this includes field and processed
residues from agriculture such as hay, stalks, husk,
shell, etc.
Agri-residue
29
It is an alcohol made by fermentation of carbohydrates
produced in sugar and starch from crops such as corn,
sugar cane and cassava.
Bioethanol
29
a type of fuel in which its energy is derived
from biological carbon fixation. Biofuels derived from
biomass conversion as well as solid biomass, liquid fuel
and biogases.
Biofuel
30
It is a synthetic fuel used as substitute for petroleum
Bio-oil
31
other term of bio-oil
Pyrolysis
31
It is a gaseous fuel derived from burning of
fuel at a temperature of around 900oC and
with limited amount of air. The gas produced
is rich in carbon monoxide, hydrogen and
methane. When burned, it produces a light
blue to pinkish flame. When the fuel is
gasified using pure oxygen, the gas is called
synthetic gas.
Biomass producer gas
32
It is a gas produced by breaking down of
organic matter in the absence of oxygen.
Biogas
32
is
mainly classified
into: (a) natural
fuel such as
coal, wood, etc
and (b)
manufactured
fuel such as
charcoal, coke,
briquette, etc.
Solid Fuel
33
occurs in
nature besides
from being
manufactured
from solid and
liquid.
Gaseous fuel
33
is
classified into:
(a) natural or
crude oil (b)
artificial or
manufactured
Oil.
Liquid fuel
34
It is the ratio of the mass of fuel to its volume at a reference temperature of 15oC. It is important in the
quantitative calculation and in assessing the ignition qualities of fuel.
Density
34
It is the ratio of weight of a given volume of fuel to the weight of the same volume of water. It is important in
the calculation involving weight and volume. The gravity of liquid fuel is usually expressed in API (American
Petroleum Institute) degrees
Specific gravity
34
It is the lowest temperature at which liquid fuel is heated in order to give off sufficient vapor forming an
inflammable air-gas mixture.
Flash point
34
It is the lowest temperature at which liquid fuel flow under prescribed condition. It is very rough
indication of the lowest temperature at which fuel is ready to be pumped.
Pour point
34
It is the temperature at which the sample has visibly shown cloudiness.
Cloud point
35
Too low vapor pressure may cause liquid fuel to undergo vapor lock problem.
Vapor pressure
36
It is the resistance of the fuel to thermal degradation measure by heating the fuel to specified
temperatures filtering and comparing residue with standard coloration filters.
Thermal stability
37
It is the measure of the resistance of liquid fuel to flow. It decreases as the temperature increases. It is important in
the storage and in the use of fuel. It influences the degree of preheating require for handling, storage and
satisfactory automation. Too viscous fuel is difficult to pump and hard to light the burner and difficult to handle.
Viscosity
37
It is the amount of heat in kcal needed to raise one kilo of fuel one degree C. It determines the amount of electrical
energy needed to heat the fuel to a desired temperature. Usually, light oil has low specific heat compared with heavy
oil.
Specific heat
37
It is the measurement of heat or energy produced. Gross calorific value assumes all vapor produced during the
combustion process in fully condensed. Net calorific value assumes all the water leaves from the fuel without fully
condensed.
Calorific Value
37
Gasoline is more volatile than diesel oil or kerosene not only because of the base constituents but also
because of additive. In hot weather, less volatile fuel is needed to minimize the problem of what is called
vapor lock, which is the failure of the fuel to start for liquid fuel tend to become vapor in fuel lines. In cold
weather, on the other hand, low volatile fuel is difficult to start.
Volatility
37
It measures the ignition quality of fuel in the engine. The higher the number, the lesser the fuel is susceptible to
“knocking” (explosion caused by its premature burning in the combustion chamber) when burned in a sparck ignition
engine.
Octane Number
38
It is an impurity in fuel which does not burn. It reduces handling and burning capacity of the fuel and
increases handling cost.
Ash content
38
The amount of sulfur determines the risk of corrosion as a result of sulfuric acid formed during and after
combustion and condensation in cool parts of the machine such as chimney or stock, air pre-heater and
economizer.
Sulfur
38
Sulfur compounds are corrosive to metals.
Corrosion
38
It measures the ignition quality of diesel fuel. The higher the number, the easier it is to start a compression-ignition
engine.
Cetane number
38
Fuels have tendency to form viscous liquids or solids called gum. The presence of large quantities of gum usually
causes sticking of intake valve and heavy deposit at intake manifold of the engine.
Existent gum
39
is a product of distillation of crude oil. It is a transparent,
petroleum-derived liquid that is used primarily as fuel for small internal
combustion engines commonly used in agriculture operations.
Gasoline
40
Manufactured from the gas that is taken from oil well or is obtained from the
distillation of crude oil.
Natural gas gasoline
41
Produced from distillation of crude oil
Straight-run gasoline or raw gasoline
42
Manufactured from heavier distillation fraction, particularly gas oil.
Cracked gasoline
43
Consists of all types of natural raw or cracked gasoline and are mixed together
in the refining process
Blended gasoline
44
obtained between
250oC to 320oC during fractional
distillation of crude oil. It generally
contains 85%C and 12% H. Density
is around 0.82-0.89 g/cc while the
calorific value is about 11,000
kcal/kg.
Diesel fuel
44
is a heavier product
of the distillation of crude oil
than gasoline.
Kerosene
44
is a biofuel
substitute for gasoline.
Bioethanol
44
is a biomass-derived fuel
which can be used as direct
substitute for diesel oil in CI engines.
Biodiesel
44
refers to the rapid
oxidation of fuel accompanied by
the production of heat and light.
combustion
45
is an engine that burns
fuel and air inside a
combustion chamber located
within the engine proper.
Internal Combustion Engine
45
Refers to the size of
the opening of the cylinder
which is almost equal to
the diameter of the piston
plus the rings.
Bore
46
Refers to the distance
traveled by a piston from
the TDC to the BDC.
Stroke
46
The uppermost position of
the piston during the
compression and exhaust stroke.
Top dead center
47
The lowest most position of
the piston during the intake and
power stroke.
Bottom dead center
47
The volume in the combustion
cylinder when the piston is at the TDC
position.
Clearance volume
47
The ratio of the total volume to
the clearance volume.
Compression Ratio (CR)
47
The volume displayed by a
piston in one stroke.
Engine/Piston Displacement (PD)
47
The amount of pressure generated during the
power stroke of the engine.
Mean Effective Pressure (MEP)
47
The equivalent to one complete rotation of the
crankshaft.
Revolution
48
Refers to the series of events occurring one after
the other in a definite order and repeating the
event after the last one has occurred.
Cycle
48
The power generated at the combustion chamber.
Indicated horsepower
48
The power available at the drive shaft or the crankshaft of
an engine.
Brake horsepower
49
The power loss due to friction of piston and other
components of the engine
Friction horsepower
50
The power of the engine as specified by the manufacturer
Rate horsepower
51
The ration of the brake horsepower and the indicated horsepower
Mechanical efficiency
52
The ratio of the brake horsepower to the power available at the fuel.
Thermal efficiency
52
Rate of fuel consumed of an engine per unit brake horsepower.
Specific fuel consumption
52
The opening adjustment of the engine throttle at the best condition, which is usually 75 per cent of the total
opening
Optimum throttle opening
53
Houses the
valves, spark
plug or fuel
injector, and
serves as cover
of the cylinder
block.
Cylinder head
53
It is a hollow cylinder with closed top
upon which the expanding gases act
and transmit force to the crankshaft.
Piston
53
The minimum speed of the engine at no load. Usually it runs at around 900 rpm.
Idle speed
53
Allow the flow of fuel, air, or exhaust gases
Valves
53
Actuates the valves
through a rocker arm to
open and close during
engine operation.
Camshaft
54
Encloses the
piston and
confines the
expanding gases.
Cylinder block
55
Receives power
from the piston
and transmit it to
the other parts of
the engine to do
useful work.
Crankshaft
56
Energy storage device of the engine to keep it
at uniform speed when the crankshaft is not
receiving power from the piston.
Flywheel
56
Enclose and supports the crankshaft and
serves as a reservoir for the lubricating oil.
Crankcase
56
Retain compression, reduce
cylinder wall contact thereby
reduce friction losses and
wear.
Piston rings (compression
and oil rings)
57
Joins the connecting rod and the
piston
Piston pin
57
Connects the piston and the crankshaft.
Transmit power from the piston to the
crankshaft.
Fixes the piston to the connecting rod. It is
removable to facilitate replacement of
piston
Connecting Rod
58
The principal control device on any
engine. It governs or controls the
engine speed at some fixed value
while power output changes to
meet demand.
Governor
59
Used in measuring the level of
lubricating oil at the engine.
Dip stick
60
Where engine oil is contained to
Dip stick lubricate the engine
Oil pan
61
Responsible for keeping the temperature of the engine lower
Cooling system
62
Responsible for supplying heat for combustion of fuel.
Ignition system
63
Responsible for supplying fuel in the combustion chamber
Fuel system
63
Responsible for starting on the engine.
Starting system
64
Responsible for discharging combustible gases from the
combustion chamber.
Exhaust system
64
Responsible for transferring the power generated from the
combustion chamber to the drive shaft.
Transmission System
64
Fuel and air or air alone is
sucked into the combustion
chamber as the piston moves
in a downward direction.
Intake Stroke
64
Fuel and air or air alone
is compressed by the
piston as it moves in
upward direction.
Compression Stroke
65
Fuel and air are ignited to
produce power at the
downward movement of the
piston and transmit the power
to the crankshaft of the
engine.
Power stroke
65
Fuel is burned and gas
is discharge from the
combustion chamber
Exhaust stroke
66
are pistons that go up and down together in exactly the same position but of different function.
One of them is performing compression or power stroke, and the other is on the intake or exhaust stroke.
Running mates
66
It is the sequence
of movement of
the piston as it
produces power.
It is an order in
which the engine
cylinders deliver
the power strokes
at best engine
performance. It is
also related to
engine balancing.
Firing Order
67
It is a fuel feeding
method for most diesel
and newer models of
gasoline engines where
high-pressure electric
pump mixes precisely
measured amount of
filtered fuel and air. The
mixture of fuel and air is
then sprayed into the
cylinders by fuel
injectors.
Fuel injection
67
is designed to
improve the power output of an
engine beyond it normal
operating capacity. A normally
aspirated engine uses a mixture
of air and fuel that is pulled into
it from vacuum created by the
cylinders.
Turbo chargers
68
Its function is the same with
turbo charger except that
they are engine driven rather
than exhaust-gas driven.
Super charger is used in
Super chargers
68
When the inlet gases
get compressed by the
engine compressor, the
temperature of the
gases increases which
results in its expansion
at the inlet manifold of
the engine and reduce
the volumetric
efficiency of the engine.
Inter cooler
69
It gives the physical feature
and performance
characteristics of the engine
in terms of power, fuel
consumption and efficiency.
An engine specification sheet
provides specific information
such as engine model,
performance, engine photo,
specification data,
dimension, and performance
curve
Engine Specifications
70
It is a graphical
representation
showing the abilities
of rotating equipment,
like engine at various
operating conditions.
Engine Performance Curve
70
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