Abdominal Sonography Review

Question 1

What artifact is shown occurs when a sound beam hits a structure in a non- perpendicular manner resulting in a loss of echogenicity?

Answer 1

Anisotrophy

Question 2

What artifact is caused by many small highly reflective interfaces?

Answer 2

Comet tail, often seen in the gallbladder

Question 3

What artifact is may be seen emanating from the bowel or posterior to gas?

Answer 3

Dirty shadowing

Question 4

What artifact is seen arising from cystic structures and appear as narrow shadows originating from the edges?

Answer 4

Edge shadowing

Question 5

Name an artifact that produces a strong speculative reflector and results as a copy deeper than the anatomy? It can also be seen in Doppler.

Answer 5

Mirror image

Question 6

What artifact is often seen posterior to fluid filled structures such as cysts, pleural effusions and acites?

Answer 6

Posterior enhancement

Acoustic enhancement

Through transmission

Question 7

What artifact is seen during the bending of an ultrasound beam when it passes an interface with dissimilar aspects of sound and are non perpendicular?

Answer 7

Refraction

Question 8

What artifact is seen as an echogenic region in the anterior aspect of a gallbladder or other fluid filled structures?

Answer 8

Reverberation artifact

Question 9

What type of artifact appears as a solid streak or chain of parallel bands coming away from a structure?

Answer 9

Ring down artifact

Question 10

What artifact is seen posterior to bone, calculus, gallstones and renal stones?

Answer 10

Shadowing

Question 11

What are low level echoes within fluid, mimicking sludge, debris or pus within a fluid filled structure?

Answer 11

Side lobes

Question 12

What artifact may create false echoes in the urinary bladder?

Answer 12

Slice thickness artifact

Question 13

What adjustments can be made when there is an absent Doppler signal?

Answer 13

Decrease PRF
Decrease wall filter
Increase spectral gain
Open sample gate

Question 14

What adjustments can be made when aliasing occurs?

Answer 14

Increase the PRF
Increase angle of insonation
Adjust baseline
Switch to a lower transducer

Question 15

How can Doppler noise be fixed?

Answer 15

Reduce color gain settings or adjust wall filter

Question 16

What artifact occurs behind strong granular and irregular surfaces like crystals, calculi, or calcifications?

Answer 16

Twinkle artifact

Question 17

What disease may result as an decrease in the lab value Alkaline phosphatase?

Answer 17

Wilson’s disease

Question 18

Hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism uses what lab value to determine it?

Answer 18

Thyroid stimulating hormone (up,hypo)
Thyroxine (T4) (up,hyper)
Triiodothyronine (T3) (up,hyper)

Question 19

A patient with chloecystitis most likely has an elevation in what lab?

Answer 19

WBC count

Question 20

What lab value would be most helpful in evaluating a patient that has has recent trauma?

Answer 20

Hematocrit

Low values can indicate a hemmorhage

Question 21

What would indicate renal disease if elevated?

Answer 21

Creatinine
BUN

Question 22

An increase in calcitonin could indicate?

Answer 22

Anemia, lung cancer, thyroid cancer

Question 23

What is the most common hospital acquired infection?

Answer 23

Urinary tract infection

Question 24

What is the criteria for a simple cyst?

Answer 24

STAR
Smooth walls, through transmission, anechoic, round in shape

Question 25

What characteristics may indicate a cyst to be complex?

Answer 25

Mural nodules Internal debris Fluid fluid level Septations

Question 26

Which organ has an endocrine and exocrine function?

Answer 26

Pancreas

Question 27

What is the function of exocrine organs?

Answer 27

To secrete hormones or juices through ducts Breast, pancreas, salivary glands, liver

Question 28

What is the function of endocrine glands?

Answer 28

Secretion of hormones into the blood to control many different body functions. Adrenal glands Liver Pineal gland Pituitary gland Pancreas Ovaries/ testicles Thyroid

Question 29

List the intraperitoneal organs.

Answer 29

Gallbladder Liver Ovaries Spleen Stomach Appendix Transverse colon First part of duodenum Jejunum Oleum Sigmoid colon

Question 30

List the retroperitoneal organs.

Answer 30

Abdominal lymph nodes Adrenal glands Aorta Ascending and descending colon Most of the duodenum IVC Kidneys Pancreas Prostate gland Ureters Urinary bladder Uterus

Question 31

A collection of abdominal fluid within the peritoneal cavity often associated with cancer is termed?

Answer 31

Exudate ascites

Question 32

What is another name for Morison’s pouch?

Answer 32

Posterior right subhepatic space

Question 33

What is the space located between the pancreas and the stomach?

Answer 33

Lesser sac Omental bursa

Question 34

These potential spaces extend alongside the ascending and descending colon on both sides of the abdomen.

Answer 34

Paracolic gutters

Question 35

What is another name for the space of Retzius?

Answer 35

Retropubic space

Question 36

What pathology would most likely be associated with ascites?

Answer 36

Cirrhosis

Question 37

The phenochromocytoma is a benign mass commonly located in the

Answer 37

Adrenal gland

Question 38

This common tumor of the kidney consists of blood vessels, muscles and fat

Answer 38

Angiomyolipoma

Question 39

A tumor that consists of a group of inflammatory cells best describes the:

Answer 39

Granuloma

Question 40

A tumor that consists of a focal collection of blood best describes the:

Answer 40

Hematoma

Question 41

The insulinoma is a

Answer 41

Benign pancreatic tumor

Question 42

The malignant testicular tumor that consists of trophoblastic cells is the

Answer 42

Yolk sac tumor

Question 43

Transitional cell carcinoma is commonly found in the

Answer 43

Bladder, ureter and kidney

Question 44

The hypernephroma may also be referred to as:

Answer 44

Renal cell carcinoma

Question 45

The term cholangiocarcinoma denotes

Answer 45

Bile duct carcinoma

Question 46

The neuroblastoma is a malignant pediatric mass commonly found in the

Answer 46

Adrenal gland

Question 47

The hepatoblastoma is a

Answer 47

Malignant tumor of the pediatric liver

Question 48

What is another name for Wilm’s tumor?

Answer 48

Nephroblastoma (In kidney)

Question 49

What is the tumor marker that may be used in suspected testicular malignancy?

Answer 49

Human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG)

Question 50

What is a rare genetic disorder characterized by cysts and tumors in various organs?

Answer 50

Von Hippel- Lindau disease

Question 51

What is the normal echogenicity of abdominal organs? (Bright>dark)

Answer 51

Renal sinus, pancreas, spleen, liver, renal cortex, renal pyramids, gallbladder