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Physical Diagnosis II Exam #2 > Abdominal Assessment II > Flashcards

Abdominal Assessment II Flashcards

1
Q

What is the term for vomiting blood?

A

Hematemesis

Hematemesis can indicate serious underlying conditions such as bleeding ulcers or varices.

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2
Q

Define anorexia in the context of abdominal assessments.

A

Loss of appetite

Anorexia can be a symptom of various gastrointestinal disorders.

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3
Q

What does dysphagia refer to?

A

Difficulty swallowing

Dysphagia may indicate structural or motility issues in the esophagus.

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4
Q

What is the definition of odynophagia?

A

Painful swallowing

Odynophagia can result from infections or ulcerations in the esophagus.

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5
Q

What are melena and hematochezia?

A

Melena: Dark, tarry stools
Hematochezia: Stools that are red or maroon-colored

These terms describe different types of gastrointestinal bleeding.

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6
Q

What does nocturia mean?

A

Frequent urination at night

Nocturia can be a symptom of urinary tract issues or other systemic conditions.

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7
Q

Define polyuria.

A

Significant increase in 24-hour urine volume

Polyuria can indicate diabetes mellitus or other endocrine disorders.

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8
Q

What is hematuria?

A

Blood in the urine

Hematuria can arise from urinary tract infections, stones, or malignancies.

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9
Q

What does obstipation refer to?

A

Severe constipation with inability to pass both stool and gas

Obstipation is a serious condition that may require medical intervention.

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10
Q

What is xerostomia?

A

Insufficient saliva; severe dry mouth

Xerostomia can impact swallowing and digestion.

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11
Q

What is jaundice?

A

Yellowish discoloration of skin and sclerae from increased bilirubin

Jaundice indicates liver dysfunction or hemolysis.

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12
Q

What does acholic refer to?

A

Gray or light-colored stools

Acholic stools can suggest a lack of bile, often due to obstruction.

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13
Q

Name three common chief complaints in gastrointestinal disorders.

A
  • Abdominal pain
  • Indigestion
  • Nausea

These symptoms frequently prompt further diagnostic evaluation.

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14
Q

What does the ‘O’ in OLDCARTS stand for?

A

Onset

Understanding the onset of symptoms helps determine urgency and potential causes.

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15
Q

What is visceral pain?

A

Pain in the actual organ due to contraction or over-distension

Visceral pain is typically difficult to localize and can be accompanied by autonomic symptoms.

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16
Q

What characterizes somatic (parietal) pain?

A

Localized, steady, aching pain often aggravated by movement

Somatic pain indicates inflammation of the parietal peritoneum.

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17
Q

What is referred pain?

A

Pain that seems to radiate from the initial site to distant sites

Referred pain occurs due to shared spinal innervation.

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18
Q

What symptoms are associated with burning abdominal pain?

A

Peptic ulcer

Burning pain is a common presentation of gastric or duodenal ulcers.

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19
Q

What does chronic diarrhea entail?

A

Painless loose or watery stools during >75% of defecations for the prior 3 months

Diagnosis requires symptom onset at least 6 months prior.

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20
Q

Define tenesmus.

A

Constant urge to defecate, accompanied by pain and cramping

Tenesmus can indicate inflammatory conditions of the bowel.

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21
Q

What is the significance of acholic stools?

A

Indicates complete obstruction of bile excretion

Acholic stools can also occur temporarily with viral hepatitis.

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22
Q

What is the difference between gross and microscopic hematuria?

A

Gross hematuria: visible blood
Microscopic hematuria: blood detected only under a microscope

Distinguishing between the two is crucial for diagnosis.

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23
Q

What is overflow incontinence?

A

Bladder emptying is limited until the bladder is overdistended, often due to neurologic disorders or anatomical obstructions.

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24
Q

What is functional incontinence?

A

Due to impaired cognition, musculoskeletal problems, or immobility.

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25
What is mixed incontinence?
Combined stress and urge incontinence.
26
Define gross hematuria.
When blood is visible to the naked eye.
27
Define microscopic hematuria.
Blood only detected during microscopic analysis.
28
Why is it important to distinguish hematuria from menstrual blood in women?
To ensure accurate diagnosis and treatment.
29
Where is kidney pain typically located?
Near the flank, at or below the costovertebral angle (CVA) region of the back.
30
What characterizes ureteral colic?
An attack of acute abdominal pain localized in a hollow organ, often caused by spasm, obstruction, or twisting.
31
List some risk factors for Hepatitis A.
* People who have sex with infected individuals * Travelers to countries with endemic spread * Infants born to infected mothers.
32
List some risk factors for Hepatitis B.
* Men who have sex with men * People who live with an infected individual * Healthcare/public-safety workers at risk of exposure.
33
What is the screening recommendation for colon cancer in individuals over 50?
Screening colonoscopy every 10 years.
34
What are some protective factors against colon cancer?
* Physical activity * Diet high in fruits and vegetables.
35
What dietary habits increase the risk of colon cancer?
* Low fiber * High in red meat and processed meat.
36
What are common urinary symptoms to assess during preventative screening?
* Difficulty passing urine * Frequency of urination * Urgency or leakage.
37
What is a significant change in abdominal anatomy during pregnancy?
Kidneys slightly enlarge; colon is displaced laterally upward and posteriorly.
38
What are common physical exam variations in older adults?
Blunted physical exam manifestations, such as diminished guarding or rebound tenderness.
39
What is the significance of a protuberant abdomen in older adults?
It can indicate increased fat accumulation and weakened abdominal muscles.
40
What are common clinical implications of tobacco use?
Ulcers and neoplasms.
41
What are common clinical implications of alcohol use?
Cirrhosis, gastritis, pancreatitis, and neoplasms.
42
What characterizes acute abdominal pain from appendicitis?
Periumbilical pain moving to McBurney’s point; colicky with anorexia, nausea/vomiting, and low-grade fever.
43
What are typical symptoms associated with pancreatitis?
Dramatic, sudden LUQ or epigastric pain; may refer to the left shoulder with vomiting and fever.
44
What defines chronic abdominal pain related to IBS?
Hypogastric pain; crampy, infrequent, associated with bowel function.
45
What is the location and nature of pain in splenic rupture?
Intense, LUQ, radiating to shoulder ## Footnote LUQ refers to the left upper quadrant of the abdomen.
46
What are the associated symptoms of splenic rupture?
Pallor, low temp ## Footnote These symptoms indicate potential shock or significant blood loss.
47
Describe the pain characteristics of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS).
Hypogastric pain; crampy, infrequent, associated with bowel function ## Footnote IBS symptoms often improve with bowel movements.
48
What are common symptoms associated with lactose intolerance?
Crampy pain after milk ingestion, diarrhea ## Footnote Symptoms occur due to the inability to digest lactose.
49
What type of pain is associated with diverticular disease?
Localized, fever, abdominal tenderness ## Footnote This condition can lead to diverticulitis if inflammation occurs.
50
How is the pain described in cases of constipation?
Colicky or dull and steady, does not progress or worsen ## Footnote Pain may vary based on individual tolerance and severity.
51
What triggers pain related to uterine fibroids?
Pain related to menses and intercourse ## Footnote Uterine fibroids can affect menstrual cycles and cause discomfort.
52
What is the characteristic pain associated with a hernia?
Localized pain/mass that increases with exertion or lifting ## Footnote A hernia can become more pronounced during physical activity.
53
Describe the pain characteristics of esophagitis/GERD.
Burning or gnawing in midepigastrium, worsens with laying down and certain foods ## Footnote GERD symptoms can result from acid reflux.
54
What type of pain is typically associated with a peptic ulcer?
Burning or gnawing pain ## Footnote This pain often occurs when the stomach is empty.
55
What are the symptoms of gastritis?
Constant burning pain epigastrium, N/V/D, fever ## Footnote Gastritis can be caused by various factors, including infection and irritants.
56
Diarrhea
painless loose or watery stools during > 75% of defecations for the prior 3 motnhs, with symptom onset at least 6 months prior to diagnosis
57
Constipation
For last 3 months with symptom onset at least 6 months prior to diagnosis with at least two of the following,
58
How do you diagnose constipation?
< 3 BM per week Straining, incomplete evacuation, lumpy/hard stools, manual facilitation
59
What characteristics should we ask a patient to report if they have diarrhea?
Volume Frequency Consistency
60
Tenesmus
constant urge to defecate, accompanied by pain, cramping and involuntary straining
61
What else should we ask a patient who is experiencing diarrhea?
Meds Recent travel Diet patterns Baseline bowel habits Risk factors for immunocompromise
62
What would pale/white stool indicate?
lack of bile, or liver/pancreatic disease
63
What would bright red stool indicate?
Meds or foods – cefdinir or Jello Hematochezia
64
What is the likely diagnosis if patients only have fresh blood when they wipe?
Hemorrhoids
65
What is the likely diagnosis if patients have red blood mixed into the stool?
Infection IBS Lesion in colon
66
Hematochezia
fresh blood
67
What would dark black stools indicate?
Melena (GI bleed) Meds (Pepto)
68
What would yellow stools indicate?
Meds/foods Liver, gallbladder, pancreatic disease
69
What would neon green stool indicate?
Likely from food dyes
70
What medications will loosen stools?
Laxatives Stool softeners Antibiotics
71
What medications will cause constipation?
Antidiarrheals Multivitamin with iron or Iron supplement Anticholinergics Opioids
72
What do we use to determine stool consistency?
Bristol Stool Chart
73
Normal stool is considered type ___ and _____ according to the Bristol Stool Chart.
Type 3 and 4
74
Which types of stool are more likely difficult to pass?
Type 1-2
75
Which stools are more difficult to control?
Type 5-7
76
What are some causes of jaundice?
Hemolytic anemia Impaired conjugation with viral hepatitis Obstruction of the common bile duct due to stone or carcinoma
77
Acholic stools
Due to complete obstruction of bile excretion Can be temporary with viral hepatitis
78
If we suspect a patient to have infectious hepatitis, what screening questions should we ask?
Recent travel More meal prep sanitation
79
What liver disease would we expect to find with someone who has Metabolic Syndrome?
NASH
80
What are some risk factors of liver disease?
1. Infectious hepatitis 2. NASH with metabolic syndrome 3. Alcoholic hepatitis/cirrhosis 4. Toxic liver damage from meds/ toxins, anesthesia 5. Gallbladder dz or previous surgery 6. Hereditary disorder
81
What are common urinary symptoms we look for?
1. Suprapubic pain 2. Dysuria 3. Urgency 4. Frequency
82
Suprapubic Pain
Often due to sudden overdistention or infection
83
What usually causes dysuria, urgency or frequency?
Infection or irritation of bladder or urethra
84
What will women complain of with urinary sx?
Internal burning in urethritis/cystitis External burning in vulvovaginitis
85
What will men complain of with urinary sx?
Burning proximal to the glans in cystitis Pain in perineum or rectum is common in prostatitis
86
Urgency
unusually intense and immediate desire to void
87
Frequency
abnormally frequent voiding, often due to infection or bladder obstruction
88
Polyuria
significant increase in 24-hour urine volume
89
Oliguria
low volume urine output
90
Nocturia
urinary frequency at night
91
What brings about urinary incontinence when talking about abdominal pressure?
STRESS increased abdominal pressure causes bladder pressure to exceed urethral resistance
92
What brings about urinary incontinence when talking about urge?
Urge to urinate is followed by involuntary leakage due to uncontrolled detrusor contractions that overcome urethral resistance
93
What brings about urinary incontinence when talking about overflow?
Bladder emptying is limited until the bladder is overdistended, often due to neurologic disorders or anatomical obstructions
94
What brings about urinary incontinence when talking about functional problems?
Due to impaired cognition, MSK problems or immobility
95
Hematuria
blood in urine
96
Gross hematuria
when blood is visible to the naked eye
97
Microscopic hematuria
blood only detected during microscopic analysis
98
How does kidney pain present?
Flank, near flank pain Can radiate anteriorly to umbilicus Typically visceral, dull, and aching
99
How does ureteral pain present? What term to we use for this?
Colicky pain an attack of acute abdominal pain localized in a hollow organ and often caused by spasm, obstruction, or twisting

Physical Diagnosis II Exam #2 (1 decks)

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