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MRCS anatomy > Abdominal anatomy > Flashcards

Abdominal anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Embryology: where are the renal tubules derived from?

A

intermediate cell mass caudal to the metanephros

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2
Q

the ureter, the pelvis, calyces and the collecting tubules of the kidney are formed from what embryologically?

A

Metanephros.
The renal tubules arise from the metanephric cap.

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3
Q

How is the ureteric bud formed?

A

The ureteric bud arises as a tubular diverticulum from the mesonephric duct close to the point where it joins the cloaca.

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4
Q

When does the diverticulum appear?

A

The fifth week of gestation

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5
Q

What causes a pelvic kidney?

A

The ureteric bud and metanephric duct - when they fail to ascend cranially.

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6
Q

At what level does the IVC pass through the diaphragm?

A

T8

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7
Q

What is the first branch of the abdominal aorta?

A

Inferior phrenic arteries

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8
Q

Where is the superior adrenal artery derived/what is it a branch of?

A

The inferior phrenic artery

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9
Q

Embryology: from where is the spleen derived?

A

mesenchymal tissue

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10
Q

Embryology: from where is the gut derived other than the spleen?

A

Endoderm

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11
Q

What are the function of the following fascia?
Waldeyers fascia
Sibsons fascia
Bucks fasci
Gerotas fascia
Denonvilliers fascia

A

Waldeyers fascia- Posterior ano-rectum
Sibsons fascia- Lung apex
Bucks fascia- Base of penis
Gerotas fascia- Surrounding kidney
Denonvilliers fascia- Between rectum and prostate

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12
Q

What is the venous drainage of oesophageal varices?

A

hemiazygos veins

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13
Q

From where does the adrenal artery originate?

A

The abdominal aorta

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14
Q

What runs through the epiploic foramen?

A

The portal vein, hepatic artery and common bile ducts

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15
Q

Blood supply to the bile duct?

A

The hepatic artery

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16
Q

At what level does the abdominal aorta originate from and terminate?

A

From T12 to L4

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17
Q

What are the branches of the abdominal aorta?

A

Inferior phrenic
Coeliac
Superior mesenteric
Middle suprarenal
Renal
Gonadal
Lumbar
Inferior mesenteric
Median sacral
Common iliac

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18
Q

What are the borders of the right adrenal gland?

A

Posteriorly: diaphragm
Anteriorly: hepatorenal pouch and bare area of the liver
Inferiorly: kidney
Vena cava: medially

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19
Q

What are the borders of the left adrenal gland?

A

Postero-medially: diaphragm
Inferiorly: pancreatic and splenic vessels
Anteriorly: lesser sac and stomach

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20
Q

What is the blood supply to the adrenal glands?

A

The superior adrenal arteries that are derived from the inferior phrenic arteries
The middle adrenal arteries that are derived from the abdominal aorta
The inferior adrenal arteries from the renal arteries

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21
Q

What is the venous drainage of the right adrenal?

A

The central vein that drains directly into the IVC

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22
Q

What is the venous drainage of the left adrenal?

A

Central vein that drains directly into the left renal vein

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23
Q

What is the embryological origin of the adrenal gland?

A

The mesoderm of the posterior abdominal wall

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24
Q

Nerve supply of the internal anal sphincter?

A

The sympathetic nerve supply

25
Q

Nerve supply to the external anal sphincter?

A

Inferior rectal branch of the pudendal nerve (S2, S3)
Perineal branch of S4 nerve roots

26
Q

What is the anatomical location of Mcburneys point?

A

1/3 of the way along the line drawn from the anterior superior iliac spine to the umbilicus

27
Q

What are the different positions of the appendix?

A

Retrocaecal - 74%
Pelvic - 21%
Postileal
Subcaecal
Paracaecal
Preileal

28
Q

What is the blood supply of the bladder and from where are these vessels derived?

A

Superior and inferior vesical arteries
branches of the internal iliac arteries

29
Q

What is the venous drainage of the bladder?

A

Vesicoprostatic venous plexus
Vesicouterine benous plexus
Both drain into the internal iliac veins in both sexes

30
Q

lymphatic drainage of the bladder?

A

Mostly on the internal iiac nodes, some external iliac nodes and obturator nodes

31
Q

What nerves result in bladder voiding?

A

The parasymphathetics

32
Q

What are the three main branches of the coeliac axis?

A

Left gastric
Hepatic
Splenic

33
Q

What are the branches of the hepatic artery?

A

right gastric
gastroduodenal
superior pancreatoduodenal
cystic

34
Q

What are the branches of the splenic artery

A

Pancreatic
Short gastric
Left gastroepiploic

35
Q

What are the borders of the coeliac axis?

A

Anteriorly: lesser omentum
Right: right coeliac ganglion and caudate process of the liver
Left: left coeliac ganglion and gastric cardia
Inferiorly: upper bordre of the pancreas and renal vein

36
Q

What is the location of the coeliac plexus?

A

It surrounds the coeliac axis on the level of T12 and L1.
Lies posteriorly to the stomach and lesser sac

37
Q

What structure attaches to the greater omentum?

A

The superior aspect of the transverse colon

38
Q

How would you take a surgical approach to get into the lesser sac?

A

You would divide the greater omentum from the superior aspect of the transverse colon

39
Q

Where is the descending colon positioned in relation to the peritoneum?

A

The posterior aspect of the descending colon is retroperitoneal until the level of L4 where the colon becomes wholly intraperitoneal and becomes the sigmoid colon

40
Q

Arterial supply of the ascending colon?

A

ileocolic and right colic arteries

41
Q

Arterial supply of the transverse colon?

A

Middle colic artery

42
Q

Arterial supply of the descending colon and sigmoid colon?

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

43
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the bowels?

A

Into the para-aortic nodes

44
Q

Embryological origin of the bowel?

A

Ascending colon and proximal 2/3 of the transverse colon - midgut
distal 2/3 of the transverse colon and descending colon - hindgut

45
Q

Diaphragm aperture levels?

A

Vena cava - T8
Oesophagus - T10
Aortic hiatus - T12

46
Q

What is formed from the first and second pharyngeal arches?

A

The maxillary artery is formed from the first arch
The external carotid buds are formed from the remnants of the first and second arch

47
Q

What is formed from the third pharyngeal arch?

A

common carotid artery and the proximal portion of the internal carotid artery

48
Q

What is formed from the fourth pharyngeal arch?

A

The arch of the aorta from the left side and the right subclavian vein and internal mammary artery from the right side

49
Q

What is formed from the fifth pharyngeal arch?

A

Nothing it regresses completely

50
Q

What is formed from the sixth pharyngeal arch?

A

The right pulmonary artery and left pulmonary artery and ductus arteriosus

51
Q

Origin of the inferior epigastric artery?

A

external iliac artery

52
Q

most appropriate incision for a whipples?

A

Rooftop incision

53
Q

What nerves are at risk in an anterior resection of the rectum?

A

The hypogastric autonomic nerves

54
Q

What nerves are at risk in an inguinal hernia surgery?

A

The ilioinguinal nerve

55
Q

What structures run through the porta hepatis?

A

The portal vein, hepatic artery and bile duct

56
Q

From where does the gastro-epiploic artery originate?

A

The gastroduodenal artery

57
Q

What level does the inferior mesenteric artery leave the abdominal aorta?

A

L3

58
Q

At what spinal level does the common iliac vein fuse with the IVC

A

L5

MRCS anatomy (6 decks)

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