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Anatomy 2nd Bi > Abdominal > Flashcards

Abdominal Flashcards

1
Q

queations

A

answer

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2
Q

The region between the thorax superiorly and the pelvis inferiorly

A

abdomen

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3
Q

This region is composed of skeletal muscles, visceral structures, and cavities that aid in movement, and function in protection and contraction

A

abdomen

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4
Q

Key surface features of the anterolateral wall

A

rectus abdominis muscles (6-pack ABS)
Linea Alba (white line)
Semilunar line (Spigelian line)
Tendinous intersection
Umbilicus
Iliac crest
Inguinal ligament (both side)

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5
Q

runs through the pubic symphysis and crests to the xiphoid process and 5th to 7th costal cartilages

A

rectus sheath

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6
Q

where the fascial aponeuroses of the rectus sheath from each side interdigitate in the midline

A

linea alba

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7
Q

avascular; midline subcutaneous band of fibrous tissue

A

linea alba

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8
Q

the lateral border of the rectus abdominis muscle in the rectus sheath

A

semilunar line

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9
Q

transverse skin grooves that demarcate transverse fibrous attachment points of the rectus sheath to the underlying rectus abdominis muscle

A

tendinous intersection

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10
Q

dermatome of umbilicus

A

T10

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11
Q

umbilicus lies at what vertebral level

A

intervertebral disc between L3 and L4

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12
Q

iliac crest lies at what vertebral level

A

L4

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13
Q

composed of the aponeurotic fibers of the external abdominal oblique muscle

A

inguinal ligament

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14
Q

which lies deep to a skin crease that marks the division between the lower abdominal wall and thigh of the lower limb

A

inguinal ligament

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15
Q

regions of the anterolateral abdominal wall

A

*Top Row
Right Hypochondriac Region
Epigastric Region
Left Hypochondriac Region

*Middle Row
Right Flank/Lumbar Region
Umbilical Region
Left Flank/Lumbar Region

*Bottom Row
Right Iliac (Inguinal) Region
Hypogastric (Pubic) Region
Left Iliac (Inguinal) Region

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16
Q

the 2 sagittal planes of the anterolateral abdominal wall lies along the

A

midclavicular line

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17
Q

the 2 transverse planes of the anterolateral abdominal wall lies along the

A

Subcostal plane
Intertubercular plane

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18
Q

what can you find in the right upper quadrant

A

right lobe of the liver
gallbladder
stomach: pylorus
Duodenum: part 1-3
pancreas: head
right suprarenal gland
right kidney
right colic (hepatic) flexure
Ascending colon: superior part
Transverse colon: right half

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19
Q

what can you find in the left upper quadrant

A

Left lobe of the liver
spleen
stomach
Jejunum and proximal ileum
pancreas: body and tail
left suprarenal gland
left kidney
left colic (splenic) flexure
Descending colon: superior part
Transverse colon: left half

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20
Q

what can you find in the right lower quadrant

A

Cecum
appendix
most of the ileum
ascending colon: inferior part
right ovary
R uterine tube
R ureter: abdominal part
R spermatic cord: abdominal part
uterus (if enlarged)
urinary bladder (if very rull)

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21
Q

what can you find in the left lower quadrant

A

sigmoid colon
descending colon: inferior part
L ovary
L uterine tube
L ureter: abdominal part
L spermatic cord: abdominal part
uterus (if enlarged)
urinary bladder (if very rull)

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22
Q

inferior to the umbilicus, the subcutaneous tissue is consistent with that found in most regions.

A

false

it’s superior

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23
Q

inferior to the umbilicus, the deepest part of the subcutaneous tissue is reinforced by many elastic and collagen fibers, so it has two layers

True or false

A

true

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24
Q

abdominal wall layers

A

skin
camper’s fascia (fatty layer)
scarpa’s fascia (deep membranous layer)
superficial investing fascia
external oblique
intermediate investing fascia
internal oblique
deep investing fascia
transversus abdominis
transversalis fascia
extraperitoneal fat
parietal peritoneum

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25
Q

continues INF into the perineal region as the membranous layer of subcutaneous tissue of perineum (superficial perineal or Colles fascia), but not into the thighs

A

scarpa’s fascia

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26
Q

what do you call the fatty accumulation in the lower anterior abdominal wall; common in males

A

panniculus adiposus

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27
Q

3 flat muscles

A

External abdominal oblique muscle
Internal abdominal oblique muscle
Transversus abdominis muscle

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28
Q

2 vertical muscles

A

Rectus abdominis muscle
Pyramidalis muscle - inconsistent

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29
Q

pyramidalis muscles is absent to what percent of the population

A

20

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30
Q

the portion lining the deep surface of the transversus abdominis muscle and its aponeuroses

A

transversalis fascia

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31
Q

glistening lining of the abdominal cavity; single layer of epithelial cells and supporting connective tissue; internal to the transversalis fascia and is separated from it by a variable amount of extraperitoneal fat

A

parietal peritoneum

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32
Q

innervation of the external oblique

A

thoraco-abdominal nerves T7-T11
subcostal nerves

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33
Q

innervation of the internal oblique

A

thoraco-abdominal nerves T6-T12
L1 nerves

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34
Q

innervation of the transversus abdominis

A

thoraco-abdominal nerves T6-T12
L1 nerves

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35
Q

innervation of the rectus abdominis

A

thoraco-abdominal nerves T6-T12

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36
Q

Compresses and supports abdominal visceral and flexes and rotates trunk

A

external and internal oblique

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37
Q

Compresses and supports abdominal visceral

A

trasversus abdominis

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38
Q

direction of external oblique

A

inferomedially

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39
Q

direction of internal oblique

A

superomedially

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40
Q

its lowermost fibers, which arise from the lateral half of the inguinal ligament, runs inferomedially

A

internal abdominal oblique muscle
transversus abdominis muscle
external oblique

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41
Q

aponeurosis that extends from the xiphoid process to the pubic symphysis

A

linea alba

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42
Q

Small, insignificant triangular muscle

A

pyramidalis muscles

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43
Q

Lies anterior to the inferior part of the rectus abdominis and attaches to the anterior surface of the pubis and the anterior pubic ligament

A

pyramidalis muscles

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44
Q

landmark of the median abdominal incision

A

pyramidalis muscles

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45
Q

Strong, incomplete fibrous compartment of the rectus abdominis and pyramidalis muscles

A

rectus sheath

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46
Q

above the arcuate line:
The external oblique aponeurosis contributes to the anterior wall of the sheath throughout its length
The superior two thirds of the internal oblique aponeurosis splits into two; one lamina passing anterior to the muscle and the other passing posterior to it

A

rectus sheath

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47
Q

below the arcuate line: _____ of the rectus sheath is absent

A

posterior wall

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48
Q

demarcates the transition between the aponeurotic posterior wall of the sheath covering the superior three quarters of the rectus and the transversalis fascia covering the inferior quarter

A

arcuate line

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49
Q

a defect in the linea alba through which the fetal umbilical vessels pass to and from the umbilical cord and placenta

A

umbilical ring

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50
Q

All layers of the anterolateral abdominal wall fuse at the umbilicus

A

t

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51
Q

the skin around the unbilical ring depresses after the umbilical cord falls off (7-14 days after birth)

A

false

skin raises as fat accumulates

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52
Q

Drains into the femoral vein

A

Superficial epigastric

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53
Q

Drains into the femoral vein and parallels inguinal ligament

A

Superficial circumflex iliac

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54
Q

Drains into the external iliac vein

A

Inferior epigastric

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55
Q

Drains into the internal thoracic vein

A

Superior epigastric

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56
Q

Anastomoses between superficial epigastric and lateral thoracic

A

Thoracoepigastric

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57
Q

Drains into axillary vein

A

Lateral thoracic

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58
Q

In cases of increased pressure brought about by portal hypertension, your venous drainage system becomes engorged, and patient develops _______

A

caput medusae

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59
Q

arteries of the anterolateral abdominal wall

A

Musculophrenic
superior epigastric
10th and 11th posterior intercostal arteries
subcostal
inferior epigastric
deep circumflex iliac
superficial circumflex iliac
superficial epigastric

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60
Q

arteries of the anterolateral abdominal wall branching from internal thoracic artery

A

Musculophrenic
superior epigastric

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61
Q

arteries of the anterolateral abdominal wall branching from aorta

A

10th and 11th posterior intercostal arteries
subcostal

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62
Q

arteries of the anterolateral abdominal wall branching from external iliac artery

A

inferior epigastric
deep circumflex iliac

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63
Q

arteries of the anterolateral abdominal wall branching from femoral artery

A

superficial circumflex iliac
superficial epigastric

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64
Q

arteries that descend between internal oblique and transversus

A

10th and 11th posterior intercostal arteries
subcostal

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65
Q

artery that is parallel to the inguinal ligament

A

deep circumflex iliac artery

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66
Q

arteries inside the rectus sheath

A

superior epigastric artery
inferior epigatsric artery

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67
Q

Runs in subcutaneous tissue along the inguinal ligament

A

Superficial circumflex iliac

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68
Q

Runs in subcutaneous tissue toward the umbilicus

A

Superficial epigastric

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69
Q

lymphatic drainage of the anterolateral abdominal wall (superficial)

A

axillary lymph nodes
parasternal lymph nodes
superficial inguinal lymph nodes

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70
Q

Superior to the transumbilical plane drain mainly to _____

A

parasternal lymph nodes

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71
Q

Superficial lymphatic vessels inferior to the transumbilical plane drain to _____

A

superficial inguinal lymph nodes

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72
Q

superficial lymphatic vessels accompany the subcutaneous veins while the deep lymphatic vessels accompany the deep veins of the abdominal wall

A

t

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73
Q

drainages of the deep lymphatic vessels of the abdominal wall

A

External iliac
Common iliac
Right and left lumbar (caval and aortic) lymph nodes

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74
Q

what dermatome is the inguinal ligament

A

L1

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75
Q

The nerves supplying the muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall are located in the plane between the transversus abdominis and internal oblique muscles.

A

t

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76
Q

the nerves of the anterior abdominal wall originate from where in the vertebra?

A

T7-L1

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77
Q

The skin and muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall are mainly supplied by:

A

Thoracic Spinal Nerves (T7–T9 or T10)
Subcostal Nerve (T12)
Iliohypogastric and Ilio-inguinal Nerves (L1)

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78
Q

Terminal branches of the anterior ramus of spinal nerve L1.

A

Iliohypogastric and Ilio-inguinal Nerves (L1)

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79
Q

Large anterior ramus of spinal nerve T12.

A

subcostal nerve T12

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80
Q

What nerve has significant importance on the inguinal region rather than on the lateral abdominal wall

A

Iliohypogastric and Ilio-inguinal Nerves (L1)

81
Q

Are the distal parts of the anterior rami of T7–T11 and the first lumbar spinal nerve (L1).

clue:nerve

A

thoraco-abdominal nerves

82
Q

Enter the subcutaneous tissue along the anterior axillary line

clue: nerve

A

lateral cutaneous branch

83
Q

Pierce the rectus sheath to enter the subcutaneous tissue near the median plane.

clue: nerve

A

Anterior Abdominal Cutaneous Branches

84
Q

innervation in Skin superior to the umbilicus is supplied by_____

A

T7-T9

85
Q

innervation in Skin around umbilicus is supplied by_____

A

T10

86
Q

innervation in Skin inferior to the umbilicus is supplied by_____

A

T11-L1

T11, T12 (subcostal), iliohypogastric, and ilio-inguinal (L1)

87
Q

The main nerves of the lumbar plexus relevant to the anterior abdominal wall are:

A

Iliohypogastric Nerve
Ilioinguinal Nerve
Genitofemoral Nerve (including the genital branch)
Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve

88
Q

NERVES OF ANTEROLATERAL ABDOMINAL WALL:

A

Thoraco-abdominal (T7–T11)
7th–9th lateral cutaneous branches
Subcostal (anterior ramus of T12)
Iliohypogastric (L1)
Ilio-inguinal (L1)

89
Q

The internal (posterior) surface of the anterolateral abdominal wall is covered with transversalis fascia, a variable amount of extraperitoneal fat, and parietal peritoneum

A

t

90
Q

how many umbilical peritoneal folds

A

5

91
Q

the most important peritoneal fold that comes from the urachus

A

median umbilical cord

92
Q

Extends from the apex of the urinary bladder to the umbilicus and covers the median umbilical ligament, a fibrous remnant of the urachus that joined the apex of the fetal bladder to the umbilicus

A

urachus

93
Q

Lateral to the median umbilical fold, cover the medial umbilical ligaments, formed by occluded parts of the umbilical arteries. (what fold)

A

medial umbilical cord

94
Q

Lateral to the medial umbilical folds, cover the inferior epigastric vessels and therefore bleed if cut. (what fold)

A

lateral umbilical cord

95
Q

The depressions lateral to the umbilical folds, each of which is a potential site for a hernia. The location of a hernia in one of these fossae determines how the hernia is classified.

A

peritoneal fossa

96
Q

what peritoneal fossa:

Between the median and medial umbilical folds, formed as the peritoneum reflects from the anterior abdominal wall onto the bladder.

A

Supravesical fossae

97
Q

what peritoneal fossa:

Between the medial and lateral umbilical folds, areas also commonly called inguinal triangles (Hesselbach triangles), which are potential sites for the less common direct inguinal hernias.

A

Medial inguinal fossae

98
Q

What peritoneal fossa:

include the deep inguinal rings and are potential sites for the most common type of hernia in the lower abdominal wall, the indirect inguinal hernia

A

Lateral inguinal fossae

99
Q

The level of the supravesical fossae rises and falls with filling and emptying of the bladder.

A

t

100
Q

what are the peritoneal fossae

A

Supravesical fossae
medial inguinal fossae
lateral inguinal fossae

101
Q

sagittally oriented peritoneal reflection in the supraumbilical part of the internal surface of the anterior abdominal wall that extends between the superior anterior abdominal wall and the liver

A

falciform ligament

102
Q

round ligament corresponds to what vein

A

umbilical vein

103
Q

encloses the round ligament of the liver (ligamentum teres hepatis) and paraumbilical veins in its inferior free edge

A

falciform ligament

104
Q

fibrous remnant of the umbilical vein, which passed from the umbilicus to the liver prenatally

A

round ligament

105
Q

region that extends between the ASIS (anterior superior iliac spine) and the pubic tubercle

A

inguinal region or groin

106
Q

other name for inguinal ligament

A

poupart’s ligament

107
Q

dense band constituting the inferior most part of the external oblique aponeurosis

A

inguinal ligament

108
Q

Some of the deeper fibers of the inguinal ligament pass posteriorly to attach to the superior pubic ramus, lateral to the pubic tubercle, forming the ____

A

lacunar ligament

109
Q

lacunar ligament other name

A

gimbernat’s ligament

110
Q

medial boundary of the subinguinal space

A

lacunar ligament

111
Q

The most lateral of the inguinal ligament fibers continue to run along the pecten pubis as the ____

A

Pectineal ligament (of Cooper)

112
Q

Some of the more superior inguinal ligament fibers fan upward, bypassing the pubic tubercle and crossing the linea alba to blend with the lower fibers of the contralateral external oblique aponeurosis. These fibers form the _____

A

Reflected inguinal ligament

113
Q

oblique passage through the lower part of the anterior abdominal wall

A

inguinal canal

114
Q

what passes through the inguinal canal in females

A

round ligament of uterus

115
Q

what passes through the inguinal canal in males

A

structures from the testis (spermatic cord)

116
Q

provide central strength to the area of innate weakness in the body

A

The inguinal ligament and Iliopubic tract

117
Q

area of innate weakness in the body

A

area of myopectineal orifice

118
Q

______ an opening in the fascia transversalis, 1.3 cm above the inguinal ligament. The margins of the ring give attachment to internal spermatic fascia (or internal covering of the round ligament of the uterus

A

deep inguinal ring

119
Q

______ triangular-shaped defect in aponeurosis of external oblique and lies above and medial to pubic tubercle. The margins of the ring (sometimes called crura) give attachment to external spermatic fascia

A

superficial inguinal ring

120
Q

The deep ring is the entrance of the inguinal canal.
Superficial or external ring – this is the exit.

A

t

121
Q

what inguinal ring is superior to the middle of the inguinal ligament and is lateral to inferior epigastric artery

A

deep ring

122
Q

______ a region of weakness where abdominal contents might herniate. Herniation from here contributes to a direct inguinal hernia

A

hesselbach’s traingle

123
Q

borders of the hesselbach’s triangle

A

Inferior border- Inguinal ligament
Medial border - Rectus abdominis muscle
Lateral border- Inferior epigastric vessels

124
Q

The inguinal canal is naturally collapsed posteriorly

A

false

anteroposteriorly

125
Q

what is the posterior wall of the inguinal canal on the lateral 3rd

A

transversalis

126
Q

what is the posterior wall of the inguinal canal on the medial 3rd

A

inguinal falx or conjoint tendon

127
Q

failure in the growth or descent of the testis

A

cryptorchidism

128
Q

layers of the scrotum

A

Skin
Superficial fascia
External spermatic fascia - comes from the external oblique
Cremasteric fascia - comes from the internal oblique
Internal spermatic fascia
Transversalis fascia
Tunica vaginalis

129
Q

in your scrotum:

There is no delineation between the fatty and membranous layer. It is continuous and becomes one

A

t

130
Q

approximately 45 cm long and conveys sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct

A

vas/ductus deferens

131
Q

Artery of the ductus deferens arising from?

A

inferior vesical artery

132
Q

Artery of the cremasteric artery arising from?

A

inferior epigastric artery

133
Q

Artery of the testicular artery arising from?

A

aorta

134
Q

around 12 veins, and the veins of each plexus converge superiorly as the right or left testicular veins

A

Pampiniform venous plexus

135
Q

innervation of the cremaster muscle

A

Genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve

136
Q

failure of the obliteration of your processus vaginalis

A

Processus vaginalis vestige

137
Q

Processus vaginalis vestige leads to indirect inguinal hernia

A

t

138
Q

Outpouching of the anterior abdominal wall and contains the testes, epididymis and lower end of the spermatic cords.

A

scrotum

139
Q

Paired gonad responsible for the production of spermatozoa and testosterone

A

testes

140
Q

Normal spermatogenesis occurs only at the temperature lower than that of the abdominal cavity, that’s why the testes ascends into the pubic region

A

false

decsend into the scrotum

141
Q

the outer fibrous capsule of the testes

A

tunica albuginea

142
Q

lymphatic drainage for testes and epididymis

A

Paraaortic lymph nodes

143
Q

artery for testes and epididymis

A

testicular artery

144
Q

innervates the base of the penis and upper scrotum

A

ilioinguinal nerves

145
Q

innervates mon pubis and the labia majora

A

ilioinguinal nerves

146
Q

innervation of the scrotum
4 answer

A

ilioinguinal nerves
iliohypogastric nerves
genitofemoral nerves
lateral femoral cutaneous nerves

147
Q

nerves of the scrotum that Courses along the anterior surface of the psoas muscle

A

genitofemoral nerves

148
Q

which branch of the genitofemoral nerve passes posterior to the inguinal ligament, sensory nerve that supplies skin of the upper anterior thigh

A

femoral

149
Q

which branch of the genitofemoral nerve passes through the deep inguinal ring to enter the inguinal canal and exits at the superficial ring

A

genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve

150
Q

innervates cremaster muscle and terminates at the skin of the upper anterior scrotum

A

genitofemoral nerves

151
Q

which nerves in females that accompanies the round ligament

A

genitofemoral nerves

152
Q

STRUCTURES TO AVOID DURING SURGERY OF INGUINAL HERNIAS

A

triangle of doom
triangle of pain
circle of death

153
Q

this area to be avoided during surgery contains:
External iliac vessels
Deep circumflex iliac vein
Femoral nerve
Genital branch of the femoral nerve

A

triangle of doom

154
Q

lateral border of the triangle of doom

A

spermatic cord

155
Q

medial border of the triangle of doom

A

vas deferens

156
Q

this area to be avoided during surgery contains:
Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
Femoral branch of the genitofemoral nerve
Femoral nerve

A

triangle of pain

157
Q

Vascular continuation formed by:
Common iliac artery
Internal iliac artery
External iliac artery
Obturator artery
Aberrant obturator artery
Inferior epigastric artery

A

circle of death

158
Q

borders of the triangle of pain

A

iliopubic tract and gonadal vessels

159
Q

Rectus abdominis can be transected because its muscle fibers run short distances between tendinous intersections and segmental nerves supplying it enter the lateral part of the rectus sheath

A

t

160
Q

In surgery, muscles and viscera are retracted away from their neurovascular supply.

A

false

toward

161
Q

In abdominal surgery, because of overlapping areas of innervation between nerves, one or two small branches of nerves may usually be cut without a noticeable loss of motor supply to the muscles or loss of sensation to the skin

A

t

162
Q

what incision:
Useful for open cholecystectomy
R subcostal incision
RUQ
~3 cm below and parallel to the costal margin

A

kocher incision

163
Q

Useful for liver transplantation, duodenal surgeries, and adrenalectomy
Extension of the Kocher incision to cross the midline, thereby involving the other side of the abdomen

A

Chevron (Rooftop) incision

164
Q

Useful for liver transplantation
Combination of Chevron and sternotomy

A

mercedez benz incision

165
Q

Most common access to the abdomen
Sometimes:
Supraumbilical
Infraumbilical

A

Midline Laparotomy incision (Intra-Abdominal Access)

166
Q

~2–3 cm left or right of midline
Sometimes used in cases wherein there is previous abdominal surgery

A

Paramedian incision (Intra-Abdominal Access)

167
Q

incision laterla to rectus abdominis

A

pararectus incision

168
Q

Useful for Stoma Closure/Formation:
Colostomy
Ileostomy
A portion of bowel is externalized

A

transverse incision

169
Q

Useful for open appendectomy

A

Gridiron incision
Lanz incision

170
Q

Along with Gridiron and Lanz incisions, they are variations of transverse incision

A

Pfannenstiel incision (Bikini Cut)

171
Q

Caused by a weakening of the abdominal muscles; protrudes to the Hesslebach’s triangle

A

direct inguinal hernia

172
Q

Caused by the incomplete closure of the processus vaginalis, an outpouching of the peritoneum

A

indirect inguinal hernia

173
Q

Most common type of hernia for both genders but femoral Hernia is more common in females than in males

A

indirect inguinal hernia

174
Q

unilateral hernia

A

indirect inguinal hernia

175
Q

oval hernia

A

indirect inguinal hernia

176
Q

hernia common in young

A

indirect inguinal hernia

177
Q

hernia that can reach the scrotum

A

indirect inguinal hernia

178
Q

hernia that is downwards, forwards, medially

A

indirect inguinal hernia

179
Q

hernia that is lateral to the inferior epigastric artery

A

indirect inguinal hernia

180
Q

hernia that will cause an impulse on the tip of the finger during superficial inguinal ring test

A

indirect inguinal hernia

181
Q

hernia common in old

A

direct inguinal hernia

182
Q

hernia usually bilateral

A

direct inguinal hernia

183
Q

hemispherical hernia

A

direct inguinal hernia

184
Q

hernia that never reaches the scrotum

A

direct inguinal hernia

185
Q

hernia that is forwards

A

direct inguinal hernia

186
Q

hernia that the reduction is backward

A

direct inguinal hernia

187
Q

hernia that is medial to the inferior epigastric artery

A

direct inguinal hernia

188
Q

hernia that will cause an impulse on the side of the finger during superficial inguinal ring test

A

direct inguinal hernia

189
Q

different phases of hernia

A

reducible
incarcerated
strangulated

190
Q

which phase:

Hernia that can be pushed back into the abdominal cavity when pressure is applied

A

reducible

191
Q

which phase:

When tissue becomes trapped in a hernia and can’t be pushed back into place

A

incarcerated

192
Q

which phase:

Occurs when tissue from the abdomen becomes trapped in a hernia and its blood supply is cut off; Surgical Emergency

A

strangulated

193
Q

origin of the femoral hernia

A

femoral ring

194
Q

Femoral hernias are more common in females, largely due to

A

their wider pelves and smaller inguinal canals and rings

195
Q

The femoral hernia is bounded laterally by _____and medially by _____

A

femoral vein; lacunar ligament

196
Q

why is strangulated hernia an emergency

A

can cause necrosis

197
Q

where is the femoral hernia located in relation to the inguinal area

A

inferior

198
Q

pregnancy increases risk of femoral hernia

A

t

Anatomy 2nd Bi (4 decks)

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