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Anatomy > Abdomen I > Flashcards

Abdomen I Flashcards

1
Q

What is the superior border of the abdomen?

A

diaphragm

BORDERS

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2
Q

What separates the abdomen from thorax?

A

diaphragm

BORDERS

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3
Q

Do some of your abdominal organs go up into the thorax?

A

Yes (bec/ of dome shape of diaphragm, the diaphragm goes up into thorax so some organs including spleen, liver are underneath and protected by ribs/ribcage/thoracic wall

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4
Q

What is the posterior border of the abdomen?

A

Vertebral column and abdominal wall (muscles in lumbar region)

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5
Q

Is there a physical separation between the abdomen and pelvic cavities?

A

No! It’s continuous. So inferior border for abdomen = peritoneum just continuous with pelvic cavity.

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6
Q

What are the lateral and anterior borders?

A

Abdominal wall (musculature), Superior lateral and anterior border = lower ribs

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7
Q

What’s the inferior border of abdomen?

A

Abdominal peritoneum

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8
Q

What’s the inferior border of abdomen?

A

Abdominal peritoneum is continuous with pelvis

ABDOMINAL CAVITY

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9
Q

What is the orientation of the abdomen compared to pelvis?

A

Abdomen is more vertical. The pelvis sits more at a diagonal tilt backwards compared to vertical abdomen)

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10
Q

What is the serous membrane/inner lining of abdomen?

A

peritoneum = with parietal and visceral layer but unlike the pleura (surrounding lungs) and pericardium (surrounding heart) you have mesentery (double layers of peritoneum created by peritoneum folding over itself)

ABDOMINAL CAVITY

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11
Q

Are there structures where peritoneum is folded over each other creating double layers? What are they called and why does this happen?

A

Yes = these are called mesentery (serous membrane = peritoneum has folded over itself into a double layer). It happens bec/digestive tract is like one long tube that is squished together = the squishing causes the peritoneum to fold over each other creating mesentery.

ABDOMINAL CAVITY

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12
Q

What does it mean for an organ to be intraperitoneal vs. retroperitoneal?

A

intraperitoneal organs = suspended in the peritoneal cavity by the mesentery, retroperitoneal = behind peritoneum so between peritoneal cavity and abdominal wall.

ABDOMINAL CAVITY

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13
Q

What are the 4 clinical quadrants which are clinically relevant to localize pain? What planes separate them?

A

Quadrants are named based on positioning: Right Upper Quadrant, Right Lower Quadrant, Left Upper Quadrant and Left Lower Quadrant. PLANES: Vertical= midline = xyphoid process to pubic symphysis. Horizontal = Transumbilical plane = from umbilicus to intervertebral disc betw/ L3 and L4

e.g. Right lower quadrant pain may be related to APPENDICITIS

SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY

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14
Q

What are the 9 regions anatomists use to divide the abdomen? What are its borders?

A 
Right & Left Hypochondrium
Epigastric Region
Right & Left Lumbar/"Flank"
Umbilical Region
Right & Left Groin/'Inguinal" (inguinal ligaments are just below here)
Pubic region

PLANES used:
Subcostal plane = 1st horizontal line
(from lower border of rib 10 and L3)
Intertubercular = connects tubercles of iliac crests (so connects hips) = 2nd horizontal line
Midclavicular = vertical line = from midpoints of clavicles to point between pubic symphysis and anterior superior iliac spine

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15
Q

Is the abdominal wall mostly muscular?

A

Yes!

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16
Q

What are the bones of abdominal wall?

A

lumbar vertebrae, pelvic bone “upper wings,” costal margin, ribs 11 & 12

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17
Q

What are muscular components of abdominal wall?

A

Superior: Quadratus Lumboram (sits above hips) = kidneys sit on QL, Iliopsoas
Lateral: 3 layers of muscle (EO, IO, TA)
Anterior: Rectus Abdominus = 6 pack, straight muscle

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18
Q

What are the fascia of the abdominal wall?

A
  1. Superficial = Camper’s Fascia (Fatty!) = protective
  2. Superficial (but deep to Camper’s fascia) = Scarpa’s fascia (Membraneous/cellular) = over anterior perineum =continues into thigh as fascia lata and then to perineum as “Colles fascia”
    * Remember each muscle has its own fascia and then peritoneum covers all of these contents!
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19
Q

What is different about superficial fascia in males vs. females? What does this fascia contain?

A

In males, Camper’s and Scarpa’s fascia come together over the penis and into the scrotum where the fascia contains dartos muscle

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20
Q

What is the most superficial muscle just deep to superficial fascia of the abdomen?

A

External Oblique
Direction of fibers = Inferiomedially = hands in pocket
Action: Twist, Compression
Insertion: Aponeurosis = thick tendon of EO attaches to Linea Alba (midline)

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21
Q

What is the most important common action of all abdominal muscles!

A

Compression of abdomen important for posture and to hold organs in!

22
Q

What is the aponeurosis of External oblique related to?

A

Inguinal ligament!

The inguinal ligament originates from aponeurosis of External oblique

23
Q

What forms the inguinal ligament?

A

External oblique aponeurosis (inguinal ligament is really an extra fold of the EO aponeurosis!)

24
Q

What forms the connection between upper part of hip to anterior lower/pubic part of hip)

A

Inguinal ligament (travels from Anterior Superior Iliac Spine to pubic tubercle)

25
Q

Which 2 abdominal muscles are in the same plane?

A

Internal Oblique and Rectus Abdominus

both are deep to External Oblique

26
Q

What is the most recognizable abdominal muscle? What does it do?

A

Rectus Abdominus = Straight (fibers), LONG flat, powerful muscle that can OVERcontract (so like you are punched all the time)
= what forms your 6 pack

Action: compression, flexes trunk

27
Q

What prevents the rectus abdominus from overcontracting?

A

4-5 tendonous (connective tissue) insertions

28
Q

Where is the Internal Oblique? What direction does its fibers run?

A

Deep to external oblique and in same plane as Rectus Abdominus
Fibers run Superiomedially, end at linea alba

29
Q

What’s one major difference between Rectus Abdominus and other abdominal muscles? How does it run in the abdomen - from what to what?

A

its a “PAIRED” muscle, separated by linea alba at midline

Runs from pubic symphysis to costal margin

30
Q

What is the Rectus sheath?

A

encloses the rectus abdominus and is continuous with the aponeurosis of internal oblique. So, Rectus Abdominus is surrounded anteriorly and posteriorlyby aponeurosis of internal oblique

31
Q

What are aponeuroses?

A

tendonous insertion

32
Q

What are the different actions of the EO, IO, TA and RA?

A

EO and IO: both compress and TWISTS
RA: compress and FLEX TRUNK
TA: compresses only!

33
Q

What does the external oblique aponeurosis form? And the internal oblique aponeurosis?

A

EO aponeurosis forms inguinal ligament

IO aponeurosis forms rectus sheath that covers the rectus abdominus

34
Q

What is the deepest abdominal muscle?

A

Transversus Abdominus:
fibers run horizontally and insert into/end at linea alba/midline
Origin: all over the place = think “corset (origin) and zipper (insertion)”
Action: compress only! so only way to work it out is plank = this is why just doing sit-ups doesn’t work!

35
Q

What is the origin, insertion, action and innervation for the External Oblique?

A

Origin: outer surfaces or lower 8 ribs
Insertion: iliac crest, linea alba
Innervation: T7-T12 ventral rami
Action: compress and TWIST

36
Q

What is the origin, insertion, action and innervation for the Internal Oblique?

A

Origin: Thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, inguinal ligament
Insertion: linea alba, inferior border of lower 3-4 ribs, pubic crest, pectineal line
Innervation: T7-T12, L1 (Iliohypogastric and iioinguinal) ventral rami
Action: compress, TWIST

37
Q

What is the origin, insertion, action nd innervation for the Transversus Abdominus?

A

Origin: everywhere! think “corset:” Thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, inguinal ligament, costal cartilage of lower 6 ribs
Insertion: linea alba (midline), pubic crest, pectineal line
Innervation: T7-T12 and L1 (iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal) ventral rami
Action: compress

38
Q

What is the origin, insertion, action and innervation for the Rectus Abdominus?

A

Origin: pubic crest, tubercle and symphysis
Insertion: costal cartilages of ribs 5-7, xiphoid process
Innervation: T7-T12 ventral rami
Action: compress, flex vertebral column, tense abdominal wall

39
Q

Do the internal oblique and Transverse Abdominus have the same innervation?

A

Yes!

T7-T12, L1 (iliohypogastric and inlioinguinal) ventral rami

40
Q

Are all abdominal muscles, sin above them, and parietal parietal peritoneum below them innervated by T7-T12 ventral rami? Which muscles are additionally innervated by L1?

A

Yes!

Internal oblique and Transversus Abdominus are ALSO innervated by L1 (iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal) ventral rami

41
Q

What is the first layer of deep fascia in the abdomen and what muscle is it deep to? Which muscle does it directly contact?

A

Transversalis fascia = its a continuous layer lining abdominal and pelvic cavities (so its continuous w/ inferior surface of diaphragm and posterior muscles)

Deep to Transversalis Abdominus

It directly contacts the Rectus Abdominus BELOW arcuate line

42
Q

What makes up the Rectus sheath above the arcuate line?

A

Anterior rectus sheath: made from aponeuroses of EO and IO

Posterior rectus sheath: made of IO and TA

So commonality for both anterior and posterior ABOVE arcuate line is IO!

43
Q

What makes up the rectus sheath below the arcuate line?

A

Anterior rectus sheath only:
aponeuroses of EO,IO and TA (so all 3 make up the anterior rectus sheath below the arcuate line!)

No posterior rectus sheath below arcuate line = this is where rectus Abdominus directly contacts transversalis fascia

44
Q

Is the Posterior rectus sheath above or below the arcuate line?

A

ABOVE!

45
Q

What is the 2nd layer of deep fascia (deep to transversalis fascia)? What does it contain that’s important?

A

Extraperitoneal fascia = mainly on posterior wall, separates abdomen from peritoneum, like transversalis fascia, lines abdomen and pelvic cavities

contains VASCULATURE

46
Q

Organs behind the extraperiotoneal fascia are considered intra or retroperitoneal?

A

retroperitoneal (= sturcutes sitting posterior to peritoneum wihin the extraperitoneal fascia

47
Q

What are the 9 layers in order from superficial to deep in the abdomen?

What happens to these layers for males when they develop scrotums?

Do you have to cut through all 9 layers to get to the abdominal cavity/peritoneal space?

A

skin
Superficial fascia: Campers fascia (fatty layer)
Superficial fascia: Scarpas fascia (membraneous/cellular layer)
External Oblique
Internal Oblique
Transversus Abdominus
Transversalis Fascia
Extraperitoneal fascia (encloses peritoneum)
Parietal Peritoneum

When inguinal canal forms, it pulls all these layers into scrotum (where they are then renamed!)

Yes, you have to cut through all the layers!

48
Q

What are the posterior wall muscles?

A

Quadratus Lumborum
Psoas Major
Both are outside of transversalis fascia

49
Q

What are the lateral wall muscles?

A

EO, IO, TA

50
Q

The posterior part of the internal oblique aponeurosis stops where/splits where? (Internal Oblique fascia is renamed the rectus sheath at what point in the body)?

A

Stops at Arcuate line
(which sits above our ASIS)

Basically, posterior part of internal oblique aponeurosis/fascia splits around rectus Abdominus where its now called the rectus sheath.

51
Q

The peritoneum is deep to which fascia?

A

Extraperitoneal fascia

Anatomy (8 decks)

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