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MD1 Revision > Abdomen Anatomy > Flashcards

Abdomen Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What part of the oesophagus is in the abdomen?

A

Last 1/2 inch

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2
Q

What is the shape of the oesophagus?

A

Muscular tube

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3
Q

How long is the eosophagus?

A

25 cm

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4
Q

What’s the origin, course and end of the oesophagus?

A

From pharynx
Through thorax
Terminates at stomach

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5
Q

What does the oesophagus do?

A

Conducts food from pharynx to stomach

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6
Q

What is the relationship between the oesophagus, trachea, and vertebral column?

A

Behind trachea

In front of vertebral column

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7
Q

In what direction does the oesophagus move through the thorax?

A

Goes forwards and lefT

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8
Q

Where does the oesophagus pierce the diaphragm?

A

At T10 through opening in right crus

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9
Q

On which side of the stomach does the oesophagus enter?

A

Right side

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10
Q

What are the two muscular layers of the oesophagus?

A

Outer longitudinal

Inner circular

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11
Q

Is the entire oesophagus smooth muscle?

A

No, upper part striated

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12
Q

What tissue is the oesophagus lined by?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium
Abrupt change to gastric mucosa at gastro-oesophageal junction = Z line
- Clear linear demarcation

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13
Q

What is the narrowing of the oesophagus in the cervical region?

A

Upper oesophageal sphincter

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14
Q

What is the arterial supply to the oesophagus in the cervical region?

A

Inferior thyroid artery

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15
Q

What is the venous drainage of the oesophagus in the cervical region?

A

Brachiocephalic system

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16
Q

What is the lymph drainage of the oesophagus in the cervical region?

A

Deep cervical nodes

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17
Q

What are the narrowings in the oesophagus in the thoracic region?

A

Aortic arch

Left main bronchus

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18
Q

What is the arterial supply to the oesophagus in the thoracic region?

A

Oesophageal branches from aorta

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19
Q

What is the venous drainage of the oesophagus in the thoracic region?

A

Azygous system

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20
Q

What is the lymph drainage of the oesophagus in the thoracic region?

A

Mediastinal nodes

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21
Q

What is the narrowing in the oesophagus in the abdomen?

A

Diaphragmatic orifice

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22
Q

What is arterial supply of the oesophagus in the abdomen?

A

Left gastric artery from aorta

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23
Q

What is the venous drainage of the oesophagus in the abdomen?

A

Left gastric portal vein overlaps systemic

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24
Q

What is the lymph drainage of the oesophagus in the abdomen?

A

Pre-aortic nodes

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25
Q

What can happen to the oesophagus with portal hypertension?

A

Dilated oesophageal veins = oesophageal varices

If breach mucosa > vomit lots of blood

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26
Q

What is a hiatus hernia?

A

Protrusion of part of stomach through oesophageal hiatus in diaphragm, up into mediastinum

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27
Q

What type of hiatus hernia is most common?

A

Sliding (95%)

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28
Q

What is a sliding hiatus hernia?

A

Top of stomach pushes up

Pulls oesophagus with it

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29
Q

What is a paraoesophageal hernia?

A

Stomach pushes up beside oesophagus

Connective tissue attachments between margins of oesophageal hiatus and oesophagus stretch up and over stomach

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30
Q

In which quadrant of the abdomen is the stomach?

A

Left upper quadrant

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31
Q

What does the stomach do?

A

Storage

Start of digestion of food

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32
Q

What is the shape of the stomach?

A

J-shaped

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33
Q

What are the two openings of the stomach?

A

Cardiac opening - oesophagus comes in
- On supramedial aspect
Pyloric opening - end of stomach

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34
Q

What are the two curvatures of the stomach?

A

Lesser

Greater

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35
Q

What are the two surfaces of the stomach?

A

Anterior - relates to anterior abdominal wall

Posterior - relates to structures on and of posterior abdominal wall

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36
Q

What is the shape of the pylorus?

A

Funnel

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37
Q

Describe the pyloric canal

A

Most tubular part of stomach
Pyloric sphincter very muscular
- Controls gastric outflow into duodenum

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38
Q

What tethers the stomach to the liver?

A

Lesser omentum = double fold of peritoneum between lesser curvature of stomach and liver

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39
Q

Where does the greater omentum go?

A

Heads down over rest of viscera, from greater curvature of stomach
Eventually attaches to posterior abdominal wall

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40
Q

Describe the fundus of the stomach

A

Dome shaped part projecting above cardiac orifice
Usually contains gas bubble
Tucks under left dome of diaphragm
Visible on plain film

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41
Q

Describe the body of the stomach

A

From cardiac orifice to angular notch on lesser curvature

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42
Q

What is the antrum of the stomach?

A

Start, and narrowing of pylorus

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43
Q

Describe the gastric folds

A

Called rugae
Longitudinal muscle folds lining surface
Increase in prominence closer to pylorus

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44
Q

What is the blood supply to the stomach?

A

Right and left gastric arteries run along lesser curvature
- Run between 2 layers of lesser omentum
- Send branches into surface of stomach
Right and left gastroepiploic arteries run along greater curvature
- Anastomose with each other
- Run between 2 layers of greater omentum

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45
Q

What is the duodenum?

A

1st part of small intestine

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46
Q

How long is the duodenum?

A

10 inches

  • 2 inches
  • 3 inches
  • 4 inches
  • 1 inch
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47
Q

What is the shape of the duodenum?

A

C shaped

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48
Q

Where is the duodenum?

A

Sits back on posterior abdominal wall
Relates to pancreas
- C shaped loop around head of pancreas

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49
Q

Is the duodenum intraperitoneal?

A

Only 1st inch

Rest retroperitoneal

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50
Q

What does the duodenum do?

A

Absorption of digested products

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51
Q

Describe the duodenal cap

A

2 inches
Location of most duodenal ulcers because of imbalance of stomach acid and mucosal defences
Heads up and back to posterior abdominal wall
Sits on right crus
Just medial to right kidney

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52
Q

Describe the part of the duodenum that turns downwards after reaching the posterior abdominal wall

A

3 inches
Descends next to head of pancreas
Overlies hilar structures of right kidney

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53
Q

Describe the part of the duodenum that becomes horizontal after heading downwards

A 
4 inches
Crosses
- Right psoas
- Inferior vena cava and aorta
- Left psoas at level of L3
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54
Q

Describe the fourth part of the duodenum

A 
1 inch
Upwards and forwards
Curves anteriorly
Forms duodenojejunal flexure
Attached by fibrous tissue to left psoas
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55
Q

What overlies the second and third parts of the duodenum?

A

Anterior attachments of mesentaries

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56
Q

What increases the surface area of the duodenum?

A

Mucosal folds

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57
Q

Where is the common opening of the common bile and pancreatic ducts?

A

On posteromedial wall at midpoint of 2nd part of duodenum

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58
Q

What is the minor duodenal papilla for?

A

Opening for accessory pancreatic duct

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59
Q

How long is the jejunum and ileum?

A

4-6 m

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60
Q

What is the extent of the jejunum and ileum?

A

Duodenojejunal flexure to ileocaecal junction

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61
Q

What are the relative proportions of the jejunum and ileum?

A

1st 0% = jejunum

2nd 60% = ileum

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62
Q

Are the jejunum and ileum intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?

A

Intraperitoneal

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63
Q

How do the jejunum and ileum connect to the posterior abdominal wall?

A

By mesentary

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64
Q

What conducts neurovascular structures to the jejunum and ileum?

A

Mesentary

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65
Q

What is the demarcation between the jejunum and ileum?

A

No clear demarcation

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66
Q

What quadrant does the jejunum tend to be in?

A

Left upper quadrant

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67
Q

What quadrant does the ileum tend to be in?

A

Right lower quadrant

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68
Q

How is the jejunum different to the ileum?

A

Jejunum

  • Larger in diameter
  • Thicker walls
  • More mucosal folds
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69
Q

What are the differences between the mesentaries of the jejunum and ileum?

A 
Jejunum
- Less fat
- Few arcades: 1-2 stacks
- Long vasa recta
Ileum
- More fat
- Layers of arcades
- Short vasa recta
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70
Q

What is at the ileocaecal junction?

A

Ileocaecal opening

  • Mucosa covering thickened smooth muscle
  • Covers sphincter
  • Controls passage of contents from small to large intestine
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71
Q

What is the relationship between the small and large intestine?

A

Coils of small intestine centrally placed

Large intestine runs around perimeter of coils

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72
Q

In which quadrant is the ileocaecal junction?

A

Right lower quadrant

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73
Q

How long is the colon?

A

1.5 m

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74
Q

Describe the length of the colon

A 
Extends from caecum in right lower quadrant
Up
Across
Down
S shaped loop
Straightens in pelvis
Terminates at anal canal
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75
Q

What does the large intestine do?

A

Absorption of water and electrolytes from faeces

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76
Q

Describe the outer longitudinal coat of the large intestine

A

Divided into 3 discrete longitudinal muscle bands = teniae coli
Teniae coli shorter than internal mucosal tube
- Gather up tube > saculated/haustrated appearance
Have fat tags = fat filled peritoneum = epiploic appendices

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77
Q

What is the caecum?

A

Blind ending part
Hangs down below ileocaecal junction
Has appendix hanging off it

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78
Q

The location of which part of the appendix is constant?

A

Base

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79
Q

Describe the teniae coli

A 
3 bands
- Anterior
- Posterolateral
- Posteromedial
Unite at posteromedial wall of caecum - where base of appendix attaches
Corresponds to McBurney's point
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80
Q

What is McBurney’s point?

A

1/3 along line between anterior superior iliac spine and umbilicus
Corresponds with base of appendix

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81
Q

How long is the appendix?

A

Normally 6-9 cm

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82
Q

Where is the tip of the appendix?

A

Anywhere

  • Usually tucked up behind caecum = retrocaecal appendix
  • 1 in 5 have it in pelvis = pelvic appendix
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83
Q

Where is the ascending colon?

A

Above ileocaecal junction
On right side
To hepatic/right colic flexure

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84
Q

Where is the transverse colon?

A

Right angle turn from ascending to transverse colon
Crosses right to left
To under spleen
Turns at splenic/left colic flexure

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85
Q

Where is the descending colon?

A

Right angle turn from transverse to descending colon
Down left side
Into left lower quadrant

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86
Q

Where is the sigmoid colon?

A

S-shaped loop at end of descending colon
Drops down into pelvis
Straightens in midline

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87
Q

Where is the rectum and anal canal?

A

Straight in midline
In pelvis
Fixed terminal part

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88
Q

Where do the teniae coli unit?

A

At rectum

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89
Q

Where is the site of portosystemic anastomosis in the large intestine?

A

Anal canal

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90
Q

In which quadrant is the liver?

A

Right upper quadrant

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91
Q

How does the liver receive the venous drainage from the gastrointestinal tract?

A

Via portal vein

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92
Q

What is the diaphragmatic surface of the liver?

A

Anterior and superior parts relate to diaphragm

Domed

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93
Q

What is the visceral surface of the liver?

A

Poster and and inferior parts
Has
- Imprints of surrounding viscera
- Liver hilum

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94
Q

What divides the diaphragmatic surface of the liver into two unequal lobes?

A

Falciform ligament

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95
Q

Describe the falciform ligament

A 
Double fold of peritoneum
- Has 2 layers
Connects liver to anterior abdominal wall
Divides diaphragmatic surface into
- Small left lobe
- Large right lobe
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96
Q

Describe the round ligament, or ligamentum teres, of the liver

A

At end of falciform ligament
Round fibrous band
Represents obliterated umbilical vein
Connects liver down to umbilicus

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97
Q

Describe the inferior margin of the liver

A

Sharp

Separates anterior and superior part from posterior and inferior part

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98
Q

Which part of the liver is palpable when the liver is enlarged?

A

Inferior margin palpable below costal margin

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99
Q

What is the hilum of the liver called?

A

Porta hepatis

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100
Q

What is the shape of the area around porta hepatis?

A

H shaped fissure formation

Porta hepatis in centre

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101
Q

What are the structures at the porta hepatis, from anterior to posterior?

A

Hepatic duct
Proper hepatic artery
Portal vein

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102
Q

What is the hepatic duct?

A

Duct of liver bringing bile from it

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103
Q

What lobes does the H shaped groove around the porta hepatis form in the liver?

A

Caudate lobe posteriorly, adjacent to inferior vena cava

Quadrate lobe inferiorly, related to gall bladder

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104
Q

Is the caudate lobe of the liver a discrete lobe?

A

No, caudate process connects it to right lobe

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105
Q

Which lobes form the left functional half of the liver?

A

Caudate
Quadrate
Left

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106
Q

Which lobes form the right functional half of the liver?

A

Right

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107
Q

What are the functional lobes of the liver important for?

A

Arterial supply
Venous drainage
Bile production

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108
Q

In which groove of the liver is the inferior vena cava located?

A

In H between right and caudate lobe

Sometimes has own channel

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109
Q

In which groove of the liver is the gall bladder located?

A

In H between right and quadrate lobe

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110
Q

What does the tip of the gall bladder relate to?

A

Inferior margin of liver

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111
Q

In which groove is ligamentum teres located?

A

In H between left and quadrate lobe

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112
Q

What is ligamentum venosum?

A

Remnant of ductus venosus = shunt between umbilical vein and inferior vena cava
Connects to inferior vena cava

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113
Q

In which groove is ligamentum venosum located?

A

In H between left and caudate lobe

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114
Q

Into what does the proper hepatic artery divide into at the porta hepatis?

A

Right and left hepatic artery

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115
Q

Into what does the portal vein divide into at the porta hepatis?

A

Right and left branch of portal vein

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116
Q

How is venous blood drained from the liver?

A

Hepatic veins come out of liver, not at porta hepatis

Plug directly into inferior vena cava

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117
Q

Describe the route of bile from the liver to the duodenum

A

Right and left hepatic duct > porta hepatis > hepatic bile duct > joined by cystic duct from gall bladder > common bile duct > empties into 2nd part of duodenum halfway along posteromedial wall via major duodenal papilla

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118
Q

Where do the structures from the porta hepatis run after leaving the liver?

A

Between 2 leaves of lesser omentum, near free edge on right side

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119
Q

What is the course of the common bile duct?

A

1st part at free edge of lesser omentum
2nd part behind 1st part of duodenum
Runs in groove between head of pancreas and 2nd part of duodenum
Enters duodenum

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120
Q

What is the ampulla of Vater?

A

Where common bile and pancreatic ducts meet

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121
Q

Describe the sphincter surrounding the major duodenal papilla

A

Complex
Surrounds common opening of common bile and pancreatic ducts
Also surround last part of each individual duct
When digestion not happening > sphincter closed
Bile backs up > enter cystic duct > stored on gall bladder

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122
Q

How is bile released from the gall bladder in response to fatty foods in the small intestine?

A 
Entrance of fatty foods into duodenum
Promotes release of CCK
CCK stimulates
- Contraction of gall bladder
- Relaxation of sphincter
Concentrated bile released for fat emulsification
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123
Q

What is the shape of the gall bladder?

A

Pear shaped sack

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124
Q

On which surface is the gall bladder located?

A

Visceral

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125
Q

What can happen at the site where the gall bladder meets the anterior abdominal wall?

A

Site of tenderness with gall bladder inflammation
Gall stone erodes through anterior abdominal wall
- Very rare

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126
Q

What is the neck of the gall bladder continuous with?

A

Cystic duct

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127
Q

Describe the body of the gall bladder

A

In contact with visceral surface of liver

Narrows to neck

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128
Q

Describe the fundus of the gall bladder?

A

Rounded tip
Usually projects beyond inferior edge of liver
In contact with anterior abdominal wall
- At lateral border of right rectus abdominis crossing costal margin

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129
Q

What type of gland is the pancreas?

A

Endocrine

Exocrine

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130
Q

What endocrine substances are released by the pancreas into the blood?

A

Insulin
Glucagon
Somatostatin

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131
Q

What exocrine substances are released by the pancreas into the pancreatic duct?

A

Enzymes

Bicarbonate

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132
Q

What is the shape of the pancreas?

A

Comma

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133
Q

Where is the head of the pancreas located?

A

Within C shape of duodenum

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134
Q

What is the uncinate process of the pancreas?

A

Wedge-shaped process of head

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135
Q

Where is the uncinate process of the pancreas?

A

Tucks behind superior mesenteric vessels

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136
Q

Where is the neck of the pancreas?

A

Lies over superior mesenteric vessels

Under pylorus of stomach

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137
Q

Where is the body of the pancreas?

A

Relates to duodenojejunal flexure

- Lies over

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138
Q

Where is the tail of the pancreas?

A

Next to hilum of spleen

139
Q

What is the relationship between the pancreas and the vertebral column?

A

Head and tail either side of vertebral column

140
Q

What is the relationship between the pancreas and the inferior vena cava and aorta?

A

Neck and body arch over front of inferior vena cava and aorta

141
Q

Describe the course of the principal pancreatic duct

A

Through tail
Across body and neck
Towards head of gland
To duodenum

142
Q

What does the accessory pancreatic duct drain?

A

Uncinate process

143
Q

Where does the accessory pancreatic duct open?

A

Higher up in duodenum

144
Q

What is the size of the spleen?

A

Clenched fist

145
Q

What happens to the spleen with age?

A

Involutes

146
Q

Describe the diaphragmatic surface of the spleen

A

Smooth
Convex
Tucks under left dome of diaphragm

147
Q

On which surface is the hilum of the spleen located?

A

Visceral

148
Q

What is the delineating margin between the diaphragmatic and visceral surface of the spleen like?

A

Notched

149
Q

What structures are at the hilum of the spleen?

A

Splenic artery

Splenic vein

150
Q

What is the colic surface of the spleen?

A

Where splenic flexure of the large intestine occurs

151
Q

What is the relationship between the spleen and the ribs?

A

Close to ribs 9-11
Axis along shaft of 10th rib
Broken rib can tear into capsule > massive haemorrhage

152
Q

What is the relationship between the splenic artery and the pancreas?

A

Splenic artery passes along upper border of pancreas

153
Q

Does the splenic vein run with the splenic artery?

A

Yes

154
Q

What connects the parietal and visceral layers of the peritoneum?

A

Series of double folds = mesentary

155
Q

Is the peritoneal cavity a real or potential space?

A

Potential

156
Q

What reduces friction between the two layers of the peritoneal cavity?

A

Few mLs of serous fluid

157
Q

What are retroperitoneal structures?

A

Structures behind peritoneum

158
Q

Does the parietal peritoneum line the surface of both the anterior and posterior abdominal wall?

A

No, just anterior

159
Q

What are intraperitoneal structures?

A

Structures inside mesentary

160
Q

Where do the vessels and nerves sit in relation to the peritoneum?

A

Back on abdominal wall in retroperitoneal space

161
Q

How do neurovascular structures reach intraperitoneal structures?

A

Transmitted by mesentary

162
Q

What is the risk of the mobility provided by the mesentary?

A

Twisting

163
Q

What is the nerve supply of the serous membrane?

A

Shares it with structure it lines

164
Q

Describe the kind of pain felt in the visceral peritoneum

A

Has visceral nerve supply
Responds only to stretch
Dull, poorly localised pain

165
Q

Describe the kind of pain felt in the parietal peritoneum

A

Has somatic nerve supply

Sharp, severe, well localised pain

166
Q

Describe the change in pain in acute appendicitis

A

Walk in with roughly central dull pain
Appendix swelling > stretch receptors of visceral peritoneum refer pain to anterior abdominal wall
As tip of appendix impacts parietal peritoneum > activate somatic nerves
Agonising, localised pain at McBurney’s point

167
Q

What is the downside of the peritoneal cavity having such a large surface area?

A

Large potential for large, rapid spread of infection/tumour in cavity over visceral surfaces

168
Q

What are primary retroperitoneal structures?

A

Structures in retroperitoneum arranged in layers
Paired structures are most posterior, overlying posterior abdominal wall
- Kidneys
- Ureters
- Adrenal glands
- Aorta and inferior vena cava

169
Q

On which muscle do the kidneys sit?

A

Quadratus lumborum

170
Q

On which muscle do the ureters sit?

A

Psoas

171
Q

Describe the relationship between the primitive gut tube and the mesentary

A

Primitive gut tube has mesentary
Everything that develops from it has dorsal mesentary - at least initially
Ventral mesentary = part of developing gastrointestinal tract had mesentary connecting it to anterior abdominal wall

172
Q

What are secondary retroperitoneal structures?

A

Some parts of primitive gut tube come to like back on posterior abdominal wall
Mesentary reabsorbed
Become secondary retroperitoneal structures
- Ascending colon
- Descending colon
- Pancreas
- Duodenum
- Bile duct
Anterior to primary retroperitoneal structures

173
Q

What are the intraperitoneal structures?

A 
Stomach
Jejunum and ileum
Transverse colon
Sigmoid colon
Liver
Spleen
Gall bladder
Caecum
174
Q

Where does the lesser omentum attach to the abdominal wall?

A

Diaphragm

175
Q

What is the relationship between the greater omentum and the transverse colon?

A

Greater omentum goes on top of transverse colon and transverse mesocolon

176
Q

How many layers make up the “fatty apron”?

A

4

  • 2 of greater omentum
  • 2 of transverse mesocolon
177
Q

Describe the lesser sac, or omental bursa

A

Behind stomach
Fluid filled space
Allows stomach extra friction free glide over posterior wall structures
Continuous with greater sac
Can get into it only via omental foramen of Winslow
Portal triad runs in it

178
Q

What connects the jejunum and ileum to the posterior abdominal wall?

A

“The” mesentary

179
Q

Describe “the” mesentary

A

Large
Fan shaped
Attached in diagonal line

180
Q

Describe the course of “the” mesentary

A

From duodenojejunal flexure in left upper quadrant
Over 3rd part of duodenum
Over aorta and inferior vena cava
Over right ureter
Down to ileocaecal junction in right lower quadrant

181
Q

What is the transverse mesocolon?

A

Mesentary of transverse colon

182
Q

Describe the course of the transverse mesocolon

A 
Linear attachment almost horizontal
From hepatic to splenic flexure
Overlies retroperitoneal structures
- Across 2nd part of duodenum
- Across neck and body of pancreas
183
Q

What is the sigmoid mesocolon?

A

Mesentary of sigmoid colon

184
Q

Describe the course of the sigmoid mesocolon

A

Shape of inverted V
Roughly relates to rim of pelvic basin
At apex of V = bifurcation of common iliac vessels
In left lower quadrant

185
Q

Describe the arrangement of vessels in the mesocolons

A

Colic arteries feed into and create single marginal artery

Marginal artery runs along edge of mesentary, parallel to colon

186
Q

Describe the course of the lesser omentum

A

Comes off lesser curvature of stomach
Connects to visceral surface of liver in region of porta hepatis
- Porta hepatis structures run in free inferior edge
Surrounds liver
Up to diaphragm, on undersurface

187
Q

Does the lesser omentum surround the whole liver?

A

No, small bare area superiorly

188
Q

Describe the course of the greater omentum

A 
Comes off greater curvature of stomach
Heads to walls of abdominal cavity
Comes right down > goes back up on itself > to posterior abdominal wall
Obscures
- Jejunum
- Ileum
- Ascending colon
- Descending colon
189
Q

What is the greater sac?

A

Synonymous with peritoneal cavity
- Most of peritoneal cavity
Lesser sac/opental bursa = outpouching of greater sac

190
Q

What is the grastrophrenic ligament?

A

Greater omentum from highest part of proximal part of greater curvature to undersurface of left dome of diaphragm

191
Q

What is the gastrosplenic ligament?

A

Middle part of greater omentum surrounding spleen

Attaches to posterior abdominal wall directly over left kidney

192
Q

What is the gastrocolic ligament?

A

Fatty apron

193
Q

Where is the epiploic foramen, or omental foramen of Winslow?

A

At free edge of lesser omentum

194
Q

What does the arterial supply for the abdomen come off?

A

Abdominal aorta

195
Q

What is the abdominal aorta a continuation of?

A

Descending thoracic aorta

196
Q

Where does the descending thoracic aorta become the abdominal aorta?

A

Aortic hiatus at T12

197
Q

Where does the abdominal aorta descend?

A

In midline on lumbar vertebral colu,m

198
Q

Where does the abdominal aorta end?

A

At L4, by dividing into left and right common iliac arteries

199
Q

From which walls do branches come off from the abdominal aorta?

A

Unpaired anteriorly
Paired laterally
Paired posteriorly

200
Q

How many branches come off the anterior wall of the abdominal aorta, and what do they supply?

A

3 unpaired branches

Supply everything derived from primitive gut tube

201
Q

How many branches come off the lateral walls of the abdominal aorta, and what do they supply?

A 
3 paired branches
Supply paired viscera
- Adrenal arteries for adrenal glands
- Renal arteries for kidneys
- Ovarian/testicular arteries for gonads
202
Q

How many branches come off the posterior wall of the abdominal aorta, and what do they supply?

A

2 paired branches

  • Phrenic arteries for diaphragm
  • Lumbar arteries for abdominal cavity walls
203
Q

Where do the lumbar arteries run in the abdominal wall?

A

In neurovascular plane, deep to psoas

204
Q

Which branch of the abdominal aorta supplies the foregut?

A

Celiac trunk

205
Q

Which branch of the abdominal aorta supplies the midgut?

A

Superior mesenteric artery

206
Q

Which branch of the abdominal aorta supplies the hindgut?

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

207
Q

What structures make up the foregut?

A 
Abdominal oesophagus
Stomach
1st part of duodenum down to duodenal papilla
Liver
Gall bladder
Pancreas
Spleen
208
Q

What structures make up the midgut?

A 
Distal duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Caecum
Appendix
Ascending colon
2/3 of transverse colon
209
Q

What structures make up the hindgut?

A

Last 1/3 of transverse colon
Descending colon
Rectum
1/2 of anal canal

210
Q

Describe the cystic artery

A

Most commonly comes off right hepatic artery
Very variable
Supplies gall bladder and cystic duct

211
Q

Describe the celiac trunk

A 
Short, wide
Not trunk for very long
Between aortic hiatus and pancreas
- Visible at upper border of pancreas
Divides immediately into 3 branches
212
Q

What are the three branches of the celiac trunk?

A

Up and left > left gastric artery
Right > common hepatic artery
Left > splenic artery

213
Q

Describe the left gastric artery

A 
Goes towards diaphragm
Slips into upper edge of lesser omentum
Turns and supplies branches to
- Abdominal oesophagus
- Cardio-oesophageal junction
Turns down and runs in lesser omentum along lesser curvature of stomach
214
Q

Describe the splenic artery

A

Heads directly left from celiac trunk
Tortuous course
Along top of/just behind pancreas’ superior border
Supplies
- Spleen via leinorenal ligament
- Branches to top of greater curvature of stomach
- Gives off left gastroepiploic artery

215
Q

Where does the left gastroepiploic artery run?

A

In root of greater omentum

216
Q

Describe the common hepatic artery

A

Heads right
Divides at free edge of lesser omentum
Gives off proper hepatic artery

217
Q

What is the course of the proper hepatic artery?

A

Given off by common hepatic artery at free edge of lesser omentum
Turns up
Runs with common bile duct and portal vein
In free edge of lesser omentum
To porta hepatis
Divides into left and right hepatic artery

218
Q

What are the two branches of the common hepatic artery?

A

Proper hepatic artery

Gastroduodenal artery

219
Q

What does the gastroduodenal artery supply?

A

Stomach
Proximal duodenum
Part of pancreas associated with proximal duodenum

220
Q

What is the right gastroepiploic artery a branch of?

A

Gastroduodenal artery

221
Q

What is the posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery a branch of?

A

Gastroduodenal artery

222
Q

What is the right gastric artery a branch of?

A

Gastroduodenal artery

223
Q

At what level does the abdominal aorta give off the superior mesenteric artery?

A

L1

1 cm below celiac trunk

224
Q

Where does the superior mesenteric artery run?

A

In root of “the” mesentary, diagonally across posterior abdominal wall

225
Q

Where do the branches on the left of the superior mesenteric artery go?

A

Jejunum and ileum

= jejunal and ileal branches

226
Q

Where do the branches on the right of the superior mesenteric artery go?

A

Colon

= colic branches

227
Q

Which arteries from the superior mesenteric artery feed into the marginal artery running parallel to the colon in the mesocolon?

A

Ileocolic artery
Middle colic artery
Right colic artery

228
Q

What is the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery a branch of, and what does it supply?

A

Branch of superior mesenteric artery, given off before entering roof of “the” mesentary
Supplies distal part of duodenum and associated part of head of pancreas

229
Q

What does the middle colic artery supply?

A

Transverse colon

230
Q

What does the right colic artery supply?

A

Right side of colon

231
Q

Where does the inferior mesenteric artery branch from the abdominal aorta?

A

Inferior border of 3rd part of duodenum

At L3

232
Q

In which direction does the inferior mesenteric artery go?

A

Heads left and down to descending and sigmoid colon, towards left iliac fossa

233
Q

What are the colic branches of the inferior mesenteric artery?

A

Left colic artery

Sigmoid colic artery

234
Q

What does the left colic artery supply?

A

Ascending branch supplies last 1/3 of transverse colon

Descending branch supplies descending colon

235
Q

What does the sigmoid colic artery supply?

A

Sigmoid colon

236
Q

What is the superior rectal artery?

A

Name change from inferior mesenteric artery as it passes into pelvis

237
Q

What does the superior rectal artery supply?

A

Rectum

Proximal anal canal

238
Q

What are the two venous drainage systems in the abdomen?

A

Systemic via inferior vena cava

Portal venous system

239
Q

What is the portal venous system?

A

Collects venous drainage from gastrointestinal tract and derivatives
Carries products of digestion to liver for metabolism

240
Q

What does the hepatic vein drain?

A

Liver

Drains into inferior vena cava

241
Q

Which accompanying veins from the abdominal aorta drain directly into the inferior vena cava?

A

Veins accompany arteries from lateral walls
- Adrenal veins
- Renal veins
- Ovarian/testicular veins
Veins accompanying arteries from posterior wall
- Phrenic veins
- Lumbar veinss

242
Q

Which accompanying veins from the abdominal aorta drain into the the portal vein?

A

Veins accompanying arteries from anterior wall

243
Q

Where is the portal vein formed?

A

Behind neck of pancreas

244
Q

The junction of which veins forms the portal vein?

A

Splenic vein

Superior mesenteric vein

245
Q

How does the inferior mesenteric vein drain into the portal vein?

A

Inferior mesenteric vein > splenic vein > portal vein

246
Q

How do veins from structures supplied by the celiac trunk drain into the portal vein?

A

Tend to drain directly into it

247
Q

What is the course of the portal vein?

A

Behind 3rd part of duodenum
Into free edge of lesser omentum
Up to porta hepatis
Divides into right and left branch for each of functional halves of liver

248
Q

Does the portal system have valves?

A

No

249
Q

Is the portal system low or high pressure?

A

Low

250
Q

When can being a low pressure system be a problem for the portal system?

A

Substance of liver becomes damaged/fibrosed
Passage of portal venous blood gets harder into liver
Portal hypertension
Because valveless, potential for reverse flow
Looks for alternative way into inferior vena cava, which is not via liver and hepatic veins
Finds that in sites of portosystemic anastomoses
Opens up anastomotic channels
- Hugely dilate

251
Q

What are the five sites of portosystemic anastomosis, and how do they present pathologically in portal hypertension?

A

Distal oesophagus: with azygous vein system
- Oesophageal varices
- Retching/vomiting can rip them open
- Present with massive haematemesis
Anal canal: superior rectal vein and inferior and middle rectal veins with iliac system
- Present as haemarrhoids
Umbilicus: periumbilical region has paraumbilical veins from ligamentum teres > umbilical vein re-canalises with lumbar veins of anterior abdominal wall
- Present as caput medusi
Ascending and descending colon: in retroperitoneal spaces anastomotic channels can open and meet with posterior abdominal wall veins that drain into inferior vena cava
- Only visible post mortem
Bare area of liver
- Only visible post mortem

252
Q

Which branch of the peripheral nervous system innervates the abdominal viscera?

A

Autonomic nervous system

253
Q

Where are preganglionic sympathetic fibres supplying the abdominal viscera derived from?

A

T6-L2

254
Q

Where do the sympathetic ganglia for the abdominal viscera cluster?

A

Around unpaired branches of aorta and renal arteries

255
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation for the abdominal viscera?

A

Vagust to foregut and midgut

Pelvic splanchnics for hindgut

256
Q

How do sympathetic postganglionic fibres pass to the abdominal viscera?

A

With blood vessels

257
Q

Which levels of preganglionic sympathetic fibres supply each section of the abdominal viscera?

A 
Foregut = T6-9
Midgut = T8-12
Hindgut = T12-L2
258
Q

To where is pain referred from all unpaired abdominal viscera proximal to the mid-sigmoid colon?

A

Midline of anterior abdominal wall

259
Q

To where is pain referred from all unpaired abdominal viscera distal to the mid-sigmoid colon?

A

Perineal region

260
Q

What are the layers of the anterior abdominal wall, from superficial to deep?

A 
Skin
Superficial fascia - fatty layer (Camper's fascia)
Superficial fascia - membranous layers (Scarpa's fascia)
External oblique
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominis
Transversalis fascia
Extraperitoneal fat/fascia
Parietal peritoneum
261
Q

What does the parietal peritoneum line?

A

Walls of cavity

Reflects off wall onto viscera

262
Q

What are the bony attachments for the abdominal muscles?

A

Costal margin
Iliac crest
Anterior superior iliac spine
Pubic crest and tubercle

263
Q

How do the three layers of muscle of the anterior abdominal wall change from lateral to medial?

A

Fleshy laterally

Aponeurotic medially

264
Q

Where does the testis develop?

A

In posterior abdominal wall, in extraperitoneal fat layer

265
Q

Describe external oblique?

A 
"Front pocket" muscle
Outermost layer
Overlaps costal margin
Goes over anterior surface of ribs
Lies edge to edge with attachments of pectoralis major and serratous anterior
266
Q

How do the two external oblique muscle meet anteriorly?

A

In midline: 2 aponeuroses meet > knit together > form vertical white line = linear alba

267
Q

What is external oblique’s posterior attachment?

A

Attaches to thoracolumbar fascia = fascia of posterior abdominal wall

268
Q

What is external oblique’s inferior attachment?

A

Iliac crest and anterior superior iliac spine

Jumps in attachment before attaching to pubic crest

269
Q

What is the inguinal ligament?

A

Free inferior edge of external oblique

Thickened and rolled inwards

270
Q

What is the extent of the inguinal ligament?

A

Anterior superior iliac spine to pubic tubercle and crest

271
Q

What is the superficial inguinal ring?

A

Triangular opening in external oblique aponeurosis
Just above and lateral to pubic tubercle
Spermatic cord goes through it

272
Q

Describe the internal oblique muscle

A

“Back pocket” muscle
Attaches to
- Costal margin above
- Thoracolumbar fascia behind
- In anterior midline meets internal oblique aponeurosis of other side at linear alba
- Anterior half of iliac crest
- Lateral 2/3 of inguinal ligament
Lowermost fibres, instead of inserting at linear alba
- Arch upwards, over, and downwards into pubic crest

273
Q

Describe transversus abdominis

A

Horizontal fibres
Underlaps costal margin
- Continuous with diaphragm
Behind to thoracolumbar fascia
In front, aponeuroses interdigitate at linear alba
Attaches to anterior half of iliac crest
Lowermost fibres arise from lateral 1/3-1/2 of inguinal ligament
Arches upwards, over, and downwards to insert into pubic crest via conjoined tendon with internal oblique

274
Q

Describe rectus abdominis

A 
Vertical fibres
Attaches to pubic bone inferiorly
Ascends and widens > divergent muscle
Overlaps costal margin
Attaches to anterior chest wall at costal cartilages 5-7
Edge to edge with pectoralis major
275
Q

What are the three tendinous intersections of rectus abdominis?

A 
Divides muscle into 4 short segments > gives strength
1 at
- Umbilicus
- Xiphysternum
- Halfway between
276
Q

What encloses rectus abdominis?

A

Aponeurotic sheath

277
Q

Where does the posterior layer of the rectus sheath stop?

A

Arcuate line, 1 inch below umbilicus

278
Q

Describe the rectus sheath

A

Above arcuate line, aponeurosis of
- External oblique in front
- Internal oblique splits into anterior and posterior leaf
- Anterior leaf in front
- Posterior leaf behind
- Transversus abdominis behind
Below arcuate line, posterior sheath disappears, and all 3 aponeuroses in front

279
Q

How is the nerve supply to the anterior abdominal wall organised?

A

In linear bands, following dermatomes

280
Q

What level innervates the umbilicus?

A

T10

281
Q

What level innervates the groin?

A

L1

282
Q

What levels innervate the thoracic cage?

A

T1-6

283
Q

What levels innervate below the thoracic cage and above the umbilicus?

A

T7-9

284
Q

What levels innervate below the umbilicus and above the groin?

A

T11-12

285
Q

What are the two branches of the internal thoracic artery, and where do they split off?

A

At costal margin divides into

  • Musculophrenic artery
  • Superior epigastric artery
286
Q

What is the course of the musculophrenic artery?

A

Follows costal margin and continues to feed off anterior intercostal arteries

287
Q

What is the course of the superior epigastric artery?

A

Heads down to supply structures of anterior abdominal wall
Slips into rectus sheath: runs in posterior sheath/through rectus abdominis
Meets inferior epigastric artery

288
Q

What is the course of the inferior epigastric artery?

A

Branch of external iliac artery
Slips into posterior rectus sheath
Meets and anastomoses with superior epigastric artery

289
Q

What do the superior and inferior epigastric veins follow?

A

Follow back to internal thoracic vein and external iliac vein
Venous drainage mirrors arterial supply

290
Q

Is the anterior abdominal wall a site of porto-systemic anastomosis?

A

Yes

See caput medusi with portal hypertension

291
Q

What is the inguinal region?

A

Transition zone between lower abdomen and upper thigh

Demarcated by inguinal ligament

292
Q

What is the lacunar ligament?

A

Extension of inguinal ligament to pectineal line

293
Q

What is the inguinal canal?

A

Inguinal region part of passage of testis through anterior abdominal wall as it moves towards scrotum
Slit-like passage extending downwards and medially above and parallel to medial half of inguinal ligament

294
Q

Is the skin and superficial fascia of the anterior abdominal wall continuous with the scrotum?

A

Yes

295
Q

What does the transversalis fascia line?

A

Lateral anterior abdominal wall muscles and rectus abdominis

296
Q

As it tracks towards the inguinal region, what layers of the anterior abdominal wall does it penetrate?

A

Transversalis fascia
Transversus abdominis
Internal oblique
External oblique

297
Q

Where is the deep inguinal ring?

A

Halfway between anterior superior iliac spine and pubic tubercle, hole in transversalis fascia made

298
Q

What happens after the testis enters the deep inguinal ring?

A

Has only penetrated 1st layer of abdominal wall

Turns downwards and medially to superficial inguinal ring

299
Q

What is the floor of the inguinal canal?

A

Inguinal ligament

300
Q

What is the roof of the inguinal canal?

A

Arching fibres of internal oblique and trasversus abdominis

301
Q

What is the anterior wall of the inguinal canal?

A

External oblique aponeurosis

Laterally, internal oblique muscle

302
Q

What is the posterior wall of the inguinal canal?

A

Transversalis fascia

Medially, conjoined tendon

303
Q

What are the layers of the spermatic cord?

A

Through transversalis fascia: internal spermatic fascia
Beneath internal oblique and transversus abdominis: cremasteric fascia
- Also picks up muscle fibres, especially from internal oblique - forms cremaster muscle
Through superficial inguinal ring: external spermatic fascia from external oblique

304
Q

What does the cremaster muscle do?

A

Retract testes in cold temperature

305
Q

What is a hernia?

A

Protrusion of abdominal contents through abdominal wall

306
Q

What is an indirect inguinal hernia?

A

Protrusion through deep ring into inguinal canal - and sometimes down into scrotum

307
Q

Which people are especially at risk of developing an inguinal hernia?

A

Chronic cough
Constipation
Lifting heavy weights

308
Q

Are inguinal hernias more common in males or females?

A

Males

309
Q

How can you see if it’s an inguinal hernia?

A

Can push contents back with fingers through inguinal canal into abdominal cavity:
Put fingers over deep inguinal ring > get them to cough > remove fingers > cough again > watch hernia develop

310
Q

What is the processus vaginalis?

A

Testis and spermatic cord take outpouching of peritoneum with them
Normally, closes over - communication with peritoneum fuses and lost

311
Q

Why do indirect hernias arise?

A

Incomplete closure of processus vaginalis > herniated peritoneal contents extend into scrotum/labia

312
Q

Why don’t you get a hernia every time you cough?

A

Internal oblique and transversus abdominis close off inguinal canal

313
Q

What is a direct inguinal hernia?

A

Protrusion forwards into inguinal canal through area of weakness in its posterior wall

314
Q

What is the bony framework for the posterior abdominal wall?

A

From 12th rib
Adjacent to T12-L5
To posterior aspect of iliac crest

315
Q

Which muscle is an organiser of the posterior abdominal wall?

A

Psoas major

316
Q

What is the relationship between the vessels supplying the posterior abdominal wall and psoas major?

A

Vessels behind psoas

317
Q

Where is the lumbar plexus?

A

Withing substance of psoas

318
Q

What overlies psoas major?

A

Psoas minor, if present

Sympathetic trunks

319
Q

What is the relationship between psoas major and the vertebral column?

A

Psoas edge to edge with vertebral column

Obscures transverse processes

320
Q

Describe psoas minor

A

Overlies psoas major
Short belly
Long tendon
Only in 2/3 of people

321
Q

Describe quadratus lumborum

A

Under line of 12th rib
Above iliac crest
Lateral to psoas major
Rectangular

322
Q

Describe iliacus

A

Edge to edge with psoas

Underneath quadratus lumborum

323
Q

What are the attachments of quadratus lumborum?

A

Posterior half of iliac crest
Tips of lumbar transverse processes
Inferior aspect of 12th rib

324
Q

What does quadratus lumborum do?

A

Stabilises 12th rib during expiration

Laterally flexes spine

325
Q

What are the attachments of iliacus?

A

Arises from entire iliac fossa
Converges into same tendon as psoas major = tendon of iliopsoas
Inserts into lesser trochanter

326
Q

What are the attachments of psoas major?

A

One continuous origin from bottom of T12 to L5
Vertebral bodies, discs, and medial end of transverse processes
Fibres pass beneath inguinal ligament and insert into lesser trochanter

327
Q

What does psoas major do?

A

Powerful flexor of spine and hip

328
Q

What encloses all posterior abdominal wall muscles?

A

Very dense fascial envelope

Gives attachment to parietal peritoneum

329
Q

Does external oblique attach to the thoracolumbar fascia?

A

No, has free posterior edge, because latissimus dorsi intervenes

330
Q

What are the three layers of the fascia of the lumbar region?

A

Posterior: attaches to tip of spinous process
Middle: attaches to tip of transverse process
Anterior: cones from front of transverse process
All 3 fuse at tip of 12th rib

331
Q

What are the two compartments created by the fascia of the lumbar region?

A

Posterior: between posterior and middle layer
- Contains erector spinae
Anterior: between middle and anterior layer
- Contains quadratus lumborum

332
Q

Where are the kidneys?

A 
Lateral to vertebral column
- Adjacent to T12-L3
In front of 12th rib
Closely related to diaphragm
- Move with it
In paravertebral gutters
On quadratus lumborum
333
Q

Which kidney is higher?

A

Left, because on right, liver above

334
Q

How can the kidneys be reached?

A

Posteriorly, on either side of vertebral column - get into retroperitoneal space without going into cavity
Can take out 12th rib to get to them

335
Q

What is the physical appearance and size of the kidneys?

A

Reddish brown
Bean shaped
10 cm x 5 cm x 2.5 cm

336
Q

What is the relationship between the adrenal glands and the kidneys?

A

Adrenal glands sit superiorly on kidneys

  • Crescent on left
  • Pyramid on right
337
Q

Describe the hilum of the kidney

A

Faces medially and anteriorly
Transmits neurovascular structures and duct
Connected with fat-filled space = renal sinus

338
Q

What is the organisation of structures at the hilum of the kidney, from anterior to posterior?

A

Renal vein
Renal artery
Ureter

339
Q

Describe the renal artery

A

1 to each kidney
Branch off abdominal aorta at right angles
Left renal artery arises a little higher than right

340
Q

How does the renal artery branch inside the kidney?

A

Classically branches into 5 segmental arteries
Each supplies functional kidney segment
Can remove 1 functional segment without affecting others

341
Q

How does the right renal artery cross the inferior vena cava to reach the right kidney hilum?

A

Goes behind

342
Q

How does the left renal vein cross the abdominal aorta to reach the left kidney hilum?

A

Goes in front

343
Q

What is the arterial supply of the ureters?

A

Not 1 artery

Gets ureteric branches from vessels it passes

344
Q

What are the narrowings in the ureter, where kidney stones can get stuck?

A

Renal pelvis to ureter
Kinked when passes over pelvic brim
Oblique passage through bladder wall

MD1 Revision (9 decks)

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