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Regional Anatomy > Abdomen > Flashcards

Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the abdomen?

A

Houses major organs of the GI tract
Liver gall bladder stomach and spleen (not gi) housed under domes of the diaphragm
Continuous with the pelvic cavity

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2
Q

What are the boundaries of the abdomomina cavity?

A

Superiorly xiphoid process coastal margin where the diaphragm attaches
Posteriorly the vertebral column
Inferiorly upper parts of pelvic bones

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3
Q

What are the layers of the abdominal wall from a lateral section

A 
Skin 
Campers fascia (fatty layer)
Scampers fascia (membranous layer)
Superficial investing fascia
External oblique
Intermediate investing fascia 
Internal oblique
Deep investing fascia
Transeverus abdominus muscle
transversalis fascia
extraperiotenial fasica (fatty layer)
parietal peritoneum
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4
Q

What are the three flat muscles what sperates them and what is significant about their arrangement?

A

External oblique
internal oblique
Trasverus abdominus

Seperated via layer of investing fascia (superficial, intermediate and deep)

Fibres run at 90o to one another allowing strength
External oblique infermomedially
Internal oblique superomedially
transversus abdominis transversely running fibres

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5
Q

What are the vertical muscles

A

rectus abdomins muscle covered by the rectus sheath made of the aperneurosis of all the flat muscles

Pyrimadis muscle small triangular muscle superficial to rectus abdomins

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6
Q

What is significant about the rectus sheath gross

A

rectus abdomis covered on both side 3/4 of the length of the muscle by the rectus sheath

on the lower 1/4 there is only the rectus sheath on the anterior portion of the muscle and its posterior surface is in direct contract with the transversalis fascia

Point of change is known as the arcuate line located between the umbilicus and the pubic bone

the aperneurosis of all three flat msucles form the rectus sheath and both sides of the sheath fuse in the midline ot form the linea alba

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7
Q

What is the structure of the rectus sheath above the arcuate line

A

The aperneurosis of the external oblique and the upper section of the aperneruosis of the internal oblique pass over the anterior surface of the rectus abdominus muscle

lower side of the rectus sheath is comprised of the other half of the aperneurosis of the internal oblique and the aperneruosis of the transverses abdomins muscle

deep to this is the transversalis fascia

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8
Q

What is the structure of the rectus sheath below the arcuate line

A

The aperneruosis of the external oblique internal oblique and the transversus abdominus msucle all pass anteriorly over the recuts abdominous msucle.

The transversalis fascia is deep to the rectus abdominus

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9
Q

How do we divide the abdominal wall into the four quadrant pattern and what are the names of the four quadrants?

A

Vertical line from the xiphoid process to the pubic symphysis
Horizontal plane passing through the centre of the umbilicus

upper left
lower left
upper right
lower right

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10
Q

What is the nine region pattern how do you divide the abdomen now? What are the name of all the quadrants starting at 12 o’clock

A

Superior horizontal plane if drawn from the coastal cartilage of rib 10

Inferior horizontal plane is formed from the inter-tubercular plane connects the two tubercules of the illiac crest (LV vertebra) start of the IVC

Two vertical planes are formed from the midpoint of the clavicles

Epigastric
left hypochondrium
left lumbar
left illiac
hypogastric 
right illiac
right lumbar 
right hypochondrium
Centre of the 'clock' is the umbillical region
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11
Q

What is significant about the extraperitoneal fascia

A

mainly consists of fat tissue

is the region that contains retroperitoneal organs such as the kidney and adrenal glands

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12
Q

What cells make up the peritoneum

A

Simple squamous mesothelium

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13
Q

What is the function of the parietal peritoneum

What is its innervation

A

Lines the walls of the abdominal cavity

innervated by the sensory division of the somatic nervous system

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14
Q

What is the function of the visceral peritoneum?

What is its innervation?

A

Lines the abdominal viscera

innervated by the sensory division of the autonomic nervous systems

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15
Q

What is important to note about the parietal and visceral peritoneum ?

A

Both are continuations of the same membrane

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16
Q

What is the peritoneal cavity

A

The space between the parietal peritoneum and the visceral peritoneum
Contains a thin film of fluid that allows movement of the abdominal viscera and immunological protection
Any viscera not within the peritoneal cavity of said to be retroperitoneal

17
Q

What are the retroperitoneal organs

What is meant by the term secondary retroperitoneal

A 
SADPUCKER
Suprarenal glands
aorta and IVC
duodenum second and third segment
pancreas except tail
ureters
colon ascending and descending
kidneys
oesophagus
rectum

Secondary retroperitoneal organs are organs that once had a mesentery but no longer do so embryology
e.g. the ascending and descending colon

18
Q

What is the bare area of the liver?
What is formed anteriorly from the reflection of the parietal peritoneum to the visceral peritoneum?
Why is the bare area important clinically?

A

Area where there is not peritoneum the liver is in direct contract with diaphragm above

The rest of the liver is completely covered in visceral peritoneum

Reflection of parietal peritoneum to the visceral peritoneum anteriorly forms the coronary ligament

Clinically significant as there is no sensory innervation to bare part of liver

19
Q

What are the three types of double folds of visceral peritoneum?

A

Abdominal ligaments
omenta
and mesentery

20
Q

What is an abdominal ligament?

A

Sheet of peritoneum that attaches to organs to one another
Or
attach an organ to the abdominal wall

usually named after the structures they connect

21
Q

What is the Omenta?

What are the two types

A

Layers of visceral peritoneum that pass from the stomach and proximal part of duodenum to other organs

There are two
Greater ometum
Lesser ometum

22
Q

What is the greater omentum?

A

4 sheet of visceral peritoneum
2 sheets leave the greater curvature of the stomach drape over the jejunum and ileum then folds back up fusing with the transverse mesocolon forming a four sheet fold

between the sheets is a layer of fat that can become a substantial store in some individuals
also contains white blood cells and fluid that have an immunological role

23
Q

What is the lesser omentum?

A

Double layer of visceral peritoneum that connects the lesser curvature of the stomach and proximal duodenum to the liver
Because it connects two organs together could also be said to be a ligament

24
Q

What is a mesentery?

A

Double layer of visceral peritoneum that connects and intraperionetal organ to the abdominal wall
provides an essential pathway for nerves and blood vessels to travel from abdominal wall to viscera

25
Q

What are the further divisions of the peritoneal cavity?

What is the function?

A

Greater sac
and lesser sac or ometal bursa lies posterior to the stomach and the lesser omentum allowing the stomach to expand connected to the greater sac via the epiploic foramen of winslow

26
Q

What connects the greater sac and the ometal bursa

A

Epiploic foramen of Winslow

27
Q

What can the greater sac also be divided into?

A

The supra-colic compartment (above transverse mesocolon) that contains the the stomach liver and spleen

Infracolic compartment that lies below the transverse mesocolon and contains the small intestine ascending and descending colon

Supercolic and infracolic compartments connected by the paracolic gutters that lie between the posteriolateral abdominal wall the the lateral aspect fo the ascendign (right) and descending colonon (left)

28
Q

What is the pathways of a blolus through the intestines from the stomach

A 
Stomach
Duodenum
jejunum
Ileum
Caecum (pouch at start of large intestine vermiform appendix from this)
Ascending colon (right)
hepatic flexure
transverse mesocolon
splenic flexure
descending colon (left)
sigmoid colon
rectum 
anus
29
Q

What is the name of the msucle that runs along the whole length of the colon
What are the segments of the colon called?

A

The tenia coli

Hasutra

Regional Anatomy (2 decks)

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