Abdomen

Question 1

1. The nurse is percussing the seventh right intercostal space at the midclavicular line over the liver. Which sound should the nurse expect to hear?
   a. Dullness
   b. Tympany
   c. Resonance
   d. Hyperresonance

Answer 1

ANS: A

The liver is located in the right upper quadrant and would elicit a dull percussion note.

Question 2

2. Which structure is located in the left lower quadrant of the abdomen?
   a. Liver
   b. Duodenum
   c. Gallbladder

dSigmoid colon

Answer 2

ANS: D

The sigmoid colon is located in the left lower quadrant of the abdomen.

Question 3

3. A patient is having difficulty swallowing medications and food. The nurse would document that this patient has:
   a. Aphasia.
   b. Dysphasia.
   c. Dysphagia.
   d. Anorexia.

Answer 3

ANS: C

Dysphagia is a condition that occurs with disorders of the throat or esophagus and results in difficulty swallowing. Aphasia and dysphasia are speech disorders. Anorexia is a loss of appetite.

Question 4

4. The nurse suspects that a patient has a distended bladder. How should the nurse assess for this condition?
   a. Percuss and palpate in the lumbar region.
   b. Inspect and palpate in the epigastric region.
   c. Auscultate and percuss in the inguinal region.
   d. Percuss and palpate the midline area above the suprapubic bone.

Answer 4

ANS: D

Dull percussion sounds would be elicited over a distended bladder, and the hypogastric area would seem firm to palpation.

Question 5

5. The nurse is aware that one change that may occur in the gastrointestinal system of an aging adult is:
   a. Increased salivation.
   b. Increased liver size.
   c. Increased esophageal emptying.
   d. Decreased gastric acid secretion.

Answer 5

ANS: D

Gastric acid secretion decreases with aging. As one ages, salivation decreases, esophageal emptying is delayed, and liver size decreases.

Question 6

6. The nurse notices that a woman in an exercise class is unable to jump rope. The nurse is aware that to jump rope, one’s shoulder has to be capable of:
   a. Inversion.
   b. Supination.
   c. Protraction.
   d. Circumduction.

Answer 6

ANS: D

Circumduction is defined as moving the arm in a circle around the shoulder. The other options are not correct.

Question 7

7. The articulation of the mandible and the temporal bone is known as the:
   a. Intervertebral foramen.
   b. Condyle of the mandible.
   c. Temporomandibular joint.
   d. Zygomatic arch of the temporal bone.

Answer 7

ANS: C

The articulation of the mandible and the temporal bone is the temporomandibular joint. The other responses are not correct.

Question 8

8. To palpate the temporomandibular joint, the nurse’s fingers should be placed in the depression __________ of the ear.
   a. Distal to the helix
   b. Proximal to the helix
   c. Anterior to the tragus
   d. Posterior to the tragus

Answer 8

ANS: C

The temporomandibular joint can be felt in the depression anterior to the tragus of the ear. The other locations are not correct.

Question 9

9. Of the 33 vertebrae in the spinal column, there are:
   a. 5 lumbar.
   b. 5 thoracic.
   c. 7 sacral.
   d. 12 cervical.

Answer 9

ANS: A

There are 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 3 to 4 coccygeal vertebrae in the spinal column.

Question 10

10. An imaginary line connecting the highest point on each iliac crest would cross the __________ vertebra.
    a. First sacral
    b. Fourth lumbar
    c. Seventh cervical
    d. Twelfth thoracic

Answer 10

ANS: B

An imaginary line connecting the highest point on each iliac crest crosses the fourth lumbar vertebra. The other options are not correct.

Question 11

11. The nurse is explaining to a patient that there are shock absorbers in his back to cushion the spine and to help it move. The nurse is referring to his:
    a. Vertebral column.
    b. Nucleus pulposus.
    c. Vertebral foramen.
    d. Intervertebral disks.

Answer 11

ANS: D

Intervertebral disks are elastic fibrocartilaginous plates that cushion the spine similar to shock absorbers and help it move. The vertebral column is the spinal column itself. The nucleus pulposus is located in the center of each disk. The vertebral foramen is the channel, or opening, for the spinal cord in the vertebrae.

Question 12

12. The nurse is providing patient education for a man who has been diagnosed with a rotator cuff injury. The nurse knows that a rotator cuff injury involves the:
    a. Nucleus pulposus.
    b. Articular processes.
    c. Medial epicondyle.
    d. Glenohumeral joint.

Answer 12

ANS: D

A rotator cuff injury involves the glenohumeral joint, which is enclosed by a group of four powerful muscles and tendons that support and stabilize it. The nucleus pulposus is located in the center of each intervertebral disk. The articular processes are projections in each vertebral disk that lock onto the next vertebra, thereby stabilizing the spinal column. The medial epicondyle is located at the elbow.

Question 13

13. During an interview the patient states, “I can feel this bump on the top of both of my shoulders—it doesn’t hurt but I am curious about what it might be.” The nurse should tell the patient that it is his:
    a. Subacromial bursa.
    b. Acromion process.
    c. Glenohumeral joint.
    d. Greater tubercle of the humerus.

Answer 13

ANS: B

The bump of the scapula’s acromion process is felt at the very top of the shoulder. The other options are not correct.

Question 14

14. The nurse is checking the range of motion in a patient’s knee and knows that the knee is capable of which movement(s)?
    a. Flexion and extension
    b. Supination and pronation
    c. Circumduction
    d. Inversion and eversion

Answer 14

ANS: A

The knee is a hinge joint, permitting flexion and extension of the lower leg on a single plane. The knee is not capable of the other movements listed.

Question 15

15. A patient is visiting the clinic for an evaluation of a swollen, painful knuckle. The nurse notices that the knuckle above his ring on the left hand is swollen and that he is unable to remove his wedding ring. This joint is called the _________ joint.
    a. Interphalangeal
    b. Tarsometatarsal
    c. Metacarpophalangeal
    d. Tibiotalar

Answer 15

ANS: C

The joint located just above the ring on the finger is the metacarpophalangeal joint. The interphalangeal joint is located distal to the metacarpophalangeal joint. The tarsometatarsal and tibiotalar joints are found in the foot and ankle. (See Figure 22-10 for a diagram of the bones and joints of the hand and fingers.)

Question 16

16. The nurse is assessing a patient’s ischial tuberosity. To palpate the ischial tuberosity, the nurse knows that it is best to have the patient:
    a. Standing.
    b. Flexing the hip.
    c. Flexing the knee.
    d. Lying in the supine position.

Answer 16

ANS: B

The ischial tuberosity lies under the gluteus maximus muscle and is palpable when the hip is flexed. The other options are not correct.

Question 17

17. The nurse is examining the hip area of a patient and palpates a flat depression on the upper, lateral side of the thigh when the patient is standing. The nurse interprets this finding as the:
    a. Ischial tuberosity.
    b. Greater trochanter.
    c. Iliac crest.
    d. Gluteus maximus muscle.

Answer 17

ANS: B

The greater trochanter of the femur is palpated when the person is standing, and it appears as a flat depression on the upper lateral side of the thigh. The iliac crest is the upper part of the hip bone; the ischial tuberosity lies under the gluteus maximus muscle and is palpable when the hip is flexed; and the gluteus muscle is part of the buttocks.

Question 18

18. The ankle joint is the articulation of the tibia, fibula, and:
    a. Talus.
    b. Cuboid.
    c. Calcaneus.
    d. Cuneiform bones.

Answer 18

ANS: A

The ankle or tibiotalar joint is the articulation of the tibia, fibula, and talus. The other bones listed are foot bones and not part of the ankle joint.

Question 19

19. The nurse is explaining the mechanism of the growth of long bones to a mother of a toddler. Where does lengthening of the bones occur?
    a. Bursa
    b. Calcaneus
    c. Epiphyses
    d. Tuberosities

Answer 19

ANS: C

Lengthening occurs at the epiphyses, or growth plates. The other options are not correct.

Question 20

20. A woman who is 8 months pregnant comments that she has noticed a change in her posture and is having lower back pain. The nurse tells her that during pregnancy, women have a posture shift to compensate for the enlarging fetus. This shift in posture is known as:
    a. Lordosis.
    b. Scoliosis.
    c. Ankylosis.
    d. Kyphosis.

Answer 20

ANS: A

Lordosis compensates for the enlarging fetus, which would shift the center of balance forward. This shift in balance, in turn, creates a strain on the low back muscles, felt as low back pain during late pregnancy by some women. Scoliosis is lateral curvature of portions of the spine; ankylosis is extreme flexion of the wrist, as observed with severe rheumatoid arthritis; and kyphosis is an enhanced thoracic curvature of the spine.

Question 21

21. An 85-year-old patient comments during his annual physical examination that he seems to be getting shorter as he ages. The nurse should explain that decreased height occurs with aging because:
    a. Long bones tend to shorten with age.
    b. The vertebral column shortens.
    c. A significant loss of subcutaneous fat occurs.
    d. A thickening of the intervertebral disks develops.

Answer 21

ANS: B

Postural changes are evident with aging; decreased height is most noticeable and is due to shortening of the vertebral column. Long bones do not shorten with age. Intervertebral disks actually get thinner with age. Subcutaneous fat is not lost but is redistributed to the abdomen and hips.

Question 22

22. A patient has been diagnosed with osteoporosis and asks the nurse, “What is osteoporosis?” The nurse explains that osteoporosis is defined as:
    a. Increased bone matrix.
    b. Loss of bone density.
    c. New, weaker bone growth.
    d. Increased phagocytic activity.

Answer 22

ANS: B

After age 40 years, a loss of bone matrix (resorption) occurs more rapidly than new bone formation. The net effect is a gradual loss of bone density, or osteoporosis. The other options are not correct.

Question 23

23. The nurse is teaching a class on preventing osteoporosis to a group of perimenopausal women. Which of these actions is the best way to prevent or delay bone loss in this group?
    a. Taking calcium and vitamin D supplements
    b. Taking medications to prevent osteoporosis
    c. Performing physical activity, such as fast walking
    d. Assessing bone density annually

Answer 23

ANS: C

Physical activity, such as fast walking, delays or prevents bone loss in perimenopausal women. The faster the pace of walking, the higher the preventive effect is on the risk of hip fracture. The other options are not correct.

Question 24

24. A teenage girl has arrived complaining of pain in her left wrist. She was playing basketball when she fell and landed on her left hand. The nurse examines her hand and would expect a fracture if the girl complains of a:
    a. Dull ache.
    b. Deep pain in her wrist.
    c. Sharp pain that increases with movement.
    d. Dull throbbing pain that increases with rest.

Answer 24

ANS: C

A fracture causes sharp pain that increases with movement. The other types of pain do not occur with a fracture.

Question 25

25. A patient is complaining of pain in his joints that is worse in the morning, better after he moves around for a while, and then gets worse again if he sits for long periods. The nurse should assess for other signs of what problem?
    a. Tendinitis
    b. Osteoarthritis
    c. Rheumatoid arthritis
    d. Intermittent claudication

Answer 25

ANS: C

Rheumatoid arthritis is worse in the morning when a person arises. Movement increases most joint pain, except the pain with rheumatoid arthritis, which decreases with movement. The other options are not correct.

Question 26

26. A patient states, “I can hear a crunching or grating sound when I kneel.” She also states that “it is very difficult to get out of bed in the morning because of stiffness and pain in my joints.” The nurse should assess for signs of what problem?
    a. Crepitation
    b. Bone spur
    c. Loose tendon
    d. Fluid in the knee joint

Answer 26

ANS: A

Crepitation is an audible and palpable crunching or grating that accompanies movement and occurs when articular surfaces in the joints are roughened, as with rheumatoid arthritis. The other options are not correct.

Question 27

27. A patient is able to flex his right arm forward without difficulty or pain but is unable to abduct his arm because of pain and muscle spasms. The nurse should suspect:
    a. Crepitation.
    b. Rotator cuff lesions.
    c. Dislocated shoulder.
    d. Rheumatoid arthritis.

Answer 27

ANS: B

Rotator cuff lesions may limit range of motion and cause pain and muscle spasms during abduction, whereas forward flexion remains fairly normal. The other options are not correct.

Question 28

28. A professional tennis player comes into the clinic complaining of a sore elbow. The nurse will assess for tenderness at the:
    a. Olecranon bursa.
    b. Annular ligament.
    c. Base of the radius.
    d. Medial and lateral epicondyle.

Answer 28

ANS: D

The epicondyles, the head of the radius, and the tendons are common sites of inflammation and local tenderness, commonly referred to as tennis elbow. The other locations are not affected.

Question 29

29. The nurse suspects that a patient has carpal tunnel syndrome and wants to perform the Phalen test. To perform this test, the nurse should instruct the patient to:
    a. Dorsiflex the foot.
    b. Plantarflex the foot.
    c. Hold both hands back to back while flexing the wrists 90 degrees for 60 seconds.
    d. Hyperextend the wrists with the palmar surface of both hands touching, and wait for 60 seconds.

Answer 29

ANS: C

For the Phalen test, the nurse should ask the person to hold both hands back to back while flexing the wrists 90 degrees. Acute flexion of the wrist for 60 seconds produces no symptoms in the normal hand. The Phalen test reproduces numbness and burning in a person with carpal tunnel syndrome. The other actions are not correct when testing for carpal tunnel syndrome.

Question 30

30. An 80-year-old woman is visiting the clinic for a checkup. She states, “I can’t walk as much as I used to.” The nurse is observing for motor dysfunction in her hip and should ask her to:
    a. Internally rotate her hip while she is sitting.
    b. Abduct her hip while she is lying on her back.
    c. Adduct her hip while she is lying on her back.
    d. Externally rotate her hip while she is standing.

Answer 30

ANS: B

Limited abduction of the hip while supine is the most common motion dysfunction found in hip disease. The other options are not correct.

Question 31

31. The nurse has completed the musculoskeletal examination of a patient’s knee and has found a positive bulge sign. The nurse interprets this finding to indicate:
    a. Irregular bony margins.
    b. Soft-tissue swelling in the joint.
    c. Swelling from fluid in the epicondyle.
    d. Swelling from fluid in the suprapatellar pouch.

Answer 31

ANS: D

A positive bulge sign confirms the presence of swelling caused by fluid in the suprapatellar pouch. The other options are not correct.

Question 32

32. During an examination, the nurse asks a patient to bend forward from the waist and notices that the patient has lateral tilting. When his leg is raised straight up, the patient complains of a pain going down his buttock into his leg. The nurse suspects:
    a. Scoliosis.
    b. Meniscus tear.
    c. Herniated nucleus pulposus.
    d. Spasm of paravertebral muscles.

Answer 32

ANS: C

Lateral tilting and sciatic pain with straight leg raising are findings that occur with a herniated nucleus pulposus. The other options are not correct.

Question 33

33. The nurse is examining a 3-month-old infant. While the nurse holds his or her thumbs on the infant’s inner mid thighs and the fingers on the outside of the infant’s hips, touching the greater trochanter, the nurse adducts the legs until the his or her thumbs touch and then abducts the legs until the infant’s knees touch the table. The nurse does not notice any “clunking” sounds and is confident to record a:
    a. Positive Allis test.
    b. Negative Allis test.
    c. Positive Ortolani sign.
    d. Negative Ortolani sign.

Answer 33

ANS: D

Normally, this maneuver feels smooth and has no sound. With a positive Ortolani sign, however, the nurse will feel and hear a “clunk,” as the head of the femur pops back into place. A positive Ortolani sign also reflects hip instability. The Allis test also tests for hip dislocation but is performed by comparing leg lengths.

Question 34

34. During a neonatal examination, the nurse notices that the newborn infant has six toes. This finding is documented as:
    a. Unidactyly.
    b. Syndactyly.
    c. Polydactyly.
    d. Multidactyly.

Answer 34

ANS: C

Polydactyly is the presence of extra fingers or toes. Syndactyly is webbing between adjacent fingers or toes. The other terms are not correct.

Question 35

35. A mother brings her newborn baby boy in for a checkup; she tells the nurse that he does not seem to be moving his right arm as much as his left and that he seems to have pain when she lifts him up under the arms. The nurse suspects a fractured clavicle and would observe for:
    a. Negative Allis test.
    b. Positive Ortolani sign.
    c. Limited range of motion during the Moro reflex.
    d. Limited range of motion during Lasègue test.

Answer 35

ANS: C

For a fractured clavicle, the nurse should observe for limited arm range of motion and unilateral response to the Moro reflex. The other tests are not appropriate for this type of fracture.

Question 36

36. A 40-year-old man has come into the clinic with complaints of extreme pain in his toes. The nurse notices that his toes are slightly swollen, reddened, and warm to the touch. His complaints would suggest:
    a. Osteoporosis.
    b. Acute gout.
    c. Ankylosing spondylitis.
    d. Degenerative joint disease.

Answer 36

ANS: B

Clinical findings for acute gout consist of redness, swelling, heat, and extreme pain like a continuous throbbing. Gout is a metabolic disorder of disturbed purine metabolism, associated with elevated serum uric acid. (See Table 22-1 for descriptions of the other terms.)

Question 37

37. A young swimmer comes to the sports clinic complaining of a very sore shoulder. He was running at the pool, slipped on some wet concrete, and tried to catch himself with his outstretched hand. He landed on his outstretched hand and has not been able to move his shoulder since. The nurse suspects:
    a. Joint effusion.
    b. Tear of rotator cuff.
    c. Adhesive capsulitis.
    d. Dislocated shoulder.

Answer 37

ANS: D

A dislocated shoulder occurs with trauma involving abduction, extension, and external rotation (e.g., falling on an outstretched arm or diving into a pool). (See Table 22-2 for descriptions of the other conditions.)

Question 38

38. A 68-year-old woman has come in for an assessment of her rheumatoid arthritis, and the nurse notices raised, firm, nontender nodules at the olecranon bursa and along the ulna. These nodules are most commonly diagnosed as:
    a. Epicondylitis.
    b. Gouty arthritis.
    c. Olecranon bursitis.
    d. Subcutaneous nodules.

Answer 38

ANS: D

Subcutaneous nodules are raised, firm, and nontender and occur with rheumatoid arthritis in the olecranon bursa and along the extensor surface of the ulna. (See Table 22-3 for a description of the other conditions.)

Question 39

39. A woman who has had rheumatoid arthritis for years is starting to notice that her fingers are drifting to the side. The nurse knows that this condition is commonly referred to as:
    a. Radial drift.
    b. Ulnar deviation.
    c. Swan-neck deformity.
    d. Dupuytren contracture.

Answer 39

ANS: B

Fingers drift to the ulnar side because of stretching of the articular capsule and muscle imbalance caused by chronic rheumatoid arthritis. A radial drift is not observed. (See Table 22-4 for descriptions of swan-neck deformity and Dupuytren contracture.)

Question 40

40. A patient who has had rheumatoid arthritis for years comes to the clinic to ask about changes in her fingers. The nurse will assess for signs of what problems?
    a. Heberden nodes
    b. Bouchard nodules
    c. Swan-neck deformities
    d. Dupuytren contractures

Answer 40

ANS: C

Changes in the fingers caused by chronic rheumatoid arthritis include swan-neck and boutonniere deformities. Heberden nodes and Bouchard nodules are associated with osteoarthritis. Dupuytren contractures of the digits occur because of chronic hyperplasia of the palmar fascia (see Table 22-4).

Question 41

41. A patient’s annual physical examination reveals a lateral curvature of the thoracic and lumbar segments of his spine; however, this curvature disappears with forward bending. The nurse knows that this abnormality of the spine is called:
    a. Structural scoliosis.
    b. Functional scoliosis.
    c. Herniated nucleus pulposus.
    d. Dislocated hip.

Answer 41

ANS: B

Functional scoliosis is flexible and apparent with standing but disappears with forward bending. Structural scoliosis is fixed; the curvature shows both when standing and when bending forward. (See Table 22-7 for description of herniated nucleus pulposus.) These findings are not indicative of a dislocated hip.

Question 42

42. A 14-year-old boy who has been diagnosed with Osgood-Schlatter disease reports painful swelling just below the knee for the past 5 months. Which response by the nurse is appropriate?
    a. “If these symptoms persist, you may need arthroscopic surgery.”
    b. “You are experiencing degeneration of your knee, which may not resolve.”
    c. “Your disease is due to repeated stress on the patellar tendon. It is usually self-limited, and your symptoms should resolve with rest.”
    d. “Increasing your activity and performing knee-strengthening exercises will help decrease the inflammation and maintain mobility in the knee.”

Answer 42

ANS: C

Osgood-Schlatter disease is a painful swelling of the tibial tubercle just below the knee and most likely due to repeated stress on the patellar tendon. It is usually self-limited, occurring during rapid growth and most often in boys. The symptoms resolve with rest. The other responses are not appropriate.

Question 43

43. When assessing muscle strength, the nurse observes that a patient has complete range of motion against gravity with full resistance. What grade of muscle strength should the nurse record using a 0- to 5-point scale?
    a. 2
    b. 3
    c. 4
    d. 5

Answer 43

ANS: D

Complete range of motion against gravity is normal muscle strength and is recorded as grade 5 muscle strength. The other options are not correct.

Question 44

44. The nurse is examining a 6-month-old infant and places the infant’s feet flat on the table and flexes his knees up. The nurse notes that the right knee is significantly lower than the left. Which of these statements is true of this finding?
    a. This finding is a positive Allis sign and suggests hip dislocation.
    b. The infant probably has a dislocated patella on the right knee.
    c. This finding is a negative Allis sign and normal for an infant of this age.
    d. The infant should return to the clinic in 2 weeks to see if his condition has changed.

Answer 44

ANS: A

Finding one knee significantly lower than the other is a positive Allis sign and suggests hip dislocation. Normally, the tops of the knees are at the same elevation. The other statements are not correct.

Question 45

45. The nurse is assessing a 1-week-old infant and is testing his muscle strength. The nurse lifts the infant with hands under the axillae and notices that the infant starts to “slip” between the hands. The nurse should:
    a. Suspect a fractured clavicle.
    b. Suspect that the infant may have a deformity of the spine.
    c. Suspect that the infant may have weakness of the shoulder muscles.
    d. Conclude that this is a normal finding because the musculature of an infant at this age is undeveloped.

Answer 45

ANS: C

An infant who starts to “slip” between the nurse’s hands shows weakness of the shoulder muscles. An infant with normal muscle strength wedges securely between the nurse’s hands. The other responses are not correct.

Question 46

46. The nurse is examining a 2-month-old infant and notices asymmetry of the infant’s gluteal folds. The nurse should assess for other signs of what disorder?
    a. Fractured clavicle
    b. Down syndrome
    c. Spina bifida
    d. Hip dislocation

Answer 46

ANS: D

Unequal gluteal folds may accompany hip dislocation after 2 to 3 months of age, but some asymmetry may occur in healthy children. Further assessment is needed. The other responses are not correct.

Question 47

47. The nurse should use which test to check for large amounts of fluid around the patella?
    a. Ballottement
    b. Tinel sign
    c. Phalen test
    d. McMurray test

Answer 47

ANS: A

Ballottement of the patella is reliable when large amounts of fluid are present. The Tinel sign and the Phalen test are used to check for carpal tunnel syndrome. The McMurray test is used to test the knee for a torn meniscus.

Question 48

48. A patient tells the nurse that, “All my life I’ve been called ‘knock knees’.” The nurse knows that another term for knock knees is:
    a. Genu varum.
    b. Genu valgum.
    c. Pes planus.
    d. Metatarsus adductus.

Answer 48

ANS: B

Genu valgum is also known as knock knees and is present when more than 2.5 cm is between the medial malleoli when the knees are together.

Question 49

49. A man who has had gout for several years comes to the clinic with a problem with his toe. On examination, the nurse notices the presence of hard, painless nodules over the great toe; one has burst open with a chalky discharge. This finding is known as:
    a. Callus.
    b. Plantar wart.
    c. Bunion.
    d. Tophi.

Answer 49

Tophi are collections of monosodium urate crystals resulting from chronic gout in and around the joint that cause extreme swelling and joint deformity. They appear as hard, painless nodules (tophi) over the metatarsophalangeal joint of the first toe and they sometimes burst with a chalky discharge (see Table 22-6). (See Table 22-6 for descriptions of the other conditions.)

Question 50

50. When performing a musculoskeletal assessment, the nurse knows that the correct approach for the examination should be:
    a. Proximal to distal.
    b. Distal to proximal.
    c. Posterior to anterior.
    d. Anterior to posterior.

Answer 50

ANS: A

The musculoskeletal assessment should be performed in an orderly approach, head to toe, proximal to distal, from the midline outward. The other options are not correct.

Question 51

1. The nurse is assessing the joints of a woman who has stated, “I have a long family history of arthritis, and my joints hurt.” The nurse suspects that she has osteoarthritis. Which of these are symptoms of osteoarthritis? Select all that apply.
   a. Symmetric joint involvement
   b. Asymmetric joint involvement
   c. Pain with motion of affected joints
   d. Affected joints are swollen with hard, bony protuberances
   e. Affected joints may have heat, redness, and swelling

Answer 51

ANS: B, C, D

In osteoarthritis, asymmetric joint involvement commonly affects hands, knees, hips, and lumbar and cervical segments of the spine. Affected joints have stiffness, swelling with hard bony protuberances, pain with motion, and limitation of motion. The other options reflect the signs of rheumatoid arthritis.