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Fall Positioning > Abdomen > Flashcards

Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 main muscles of the abdomen?

A

Diaphragm and psoas muscles

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2
Q

Describe the diaphragm

A

Important for breathing, separates thoracic and abdominal cavities

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3
Q

Where do the psoas muscles start?

A

T12 to L5

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4
Q

Describe the psoas muscles

A

help flex trunk, flexes and rotates thighs medially

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5
Q

How long is the small intestine?

A

15 to 18 feet

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6
Q

Name the 3 parts of the small intestine

A

Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

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7
Q

What is the duodenum?

A

The first portion of the small intestine, shortest and widest

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8
Q

What is the jejunum?

A

The first 2/5ths following the duodenum

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9
Q

What is the ileum?

A

The distal 3/5ths of the small intestine

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10
Q

What is the ileocecal valve?

A

The orifice between the ileum and cecum

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11
Q

What is the cecum?

A

Part of large intestine, saclike area below ileocecal valve, appendix is attached to cecum

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12
Q

What is the ascending colon?

A

Vertical portion of large intestine. Ascends on right side of abdomen, reaches the inferior surface of the liver and turns abruptly to form the right colic (hepatic) flexure

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13
Q

Transverse colon?

A

Large intestine contines across to the left side of the abdomen. It curves beneth the inferior end of the spleen on the left side as the left colic (splenic) flexure

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14
Q

Descending colon?

A

Large intestine passes inferiorly to the level of the iliac crest

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15
Q

Sigmoid colon?

A

Begins near left iliac crest, projects medially to midline and terminates as rectum at about S-3

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16
Q

Rectum?

A

Last 6 inches of GI tract, lies anterior to sacrum and coccyx

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17
Q

Anus?

A

Rectum ends at the anus, the sphincter muscle at the terminal opening of the large intestine

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18
Q

Spleen?

A

Part of lymphatic system. Located posterior and to the lft of stomach in LUQ

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19
Q

What are the 3 accessory organs of the digestive system?

A

Pancreas, liver, and gallbladder

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20
Q

Where is the pancreas located?

A

Posterior to stomach, between stomach and spleen

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21
Q

What type of gland is the pancreas?

A

Endocrine- produces hormones

Exocrine- produces digestive juices

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22
Q

Liver?

A

URQ, inferior to right hemidiaphragm, produces bile

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23
Q

Gallbladder?

A

Pear shaped sac in the inferior aspect of the liver, stores and concentrates bile

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24
Q

What percentage of gallstones can be seen on a radiograph?

A

10-15%

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25
Q

Which kidney is slightly lower?

A

right

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26
Q

What do the kidneys do?

A

Remove liquid waste products from blood

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27
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A

from T12 to L3

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28
Q

Ureters do what?

A

connect kidneys to the bladder

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29
Q

How long are the ureters?

A

10 to 12 inches

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30
Q

What is the urethra?

A

Tube leading from the floor of the urinary bladder to the outside

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31
Q

Adrenal (suprarenal) glands

A

Part of the endocrine system, superior and medial to each kidney

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32
Q

What are the 2 major cavities of the body?

A

Dorsal and ventral

33
Q

Viscera means?

A

organs

34
Q

The dorsal cavity contains which 2 cavities?

A

Cranial and spinal

35
Q

The ventral cavity contains which 2 cavities?

A

Thoracic and abdominopelvic

36
Q

What is the parietal peritoneum?

A

The covering of the walls of the cavity

37
Q

What is the visceral peritoneum?

A

the covering on an organ

38
Q

Peritoneum

A

double walled seromembranous sac that encloses the abdominopelvic cavity

39
Q

Peritoneal cavity

A

space between the parietal peritoneum and the visceral peritoneum. contains serous fluid

40
Q

Ascites

A

Abnormal accumulation of fluid

41
Q

Mesentary

A

Fold of the peritoneum, holds the small intestine in place and attaches it to the abdominal wall. Also hold various nerves and arteries of the abdomen.

42
Q

Mesocolon

A

Fold of peritoneum that attaches the large intestine to the posterior abdominal wall. Carries blood and lymphatic vessels to the intestines

43
Q

Which 2 folds of the peritoneum allow for peristalsis

A

Mesentary and mesocolon

44
Q

Lesser omentum

A

Double fold of peritoneum. Extends from the lesser curvature of the stomach to portions of the liver

45
Q

Greater omentum

A

Largest peritoneal fold. “Fatty apron” that hangs over the transverse colon and small intestine

46
Q

Pneumoperitoneum

A

Free air or gas in the pertoneal cavity. Can be caused by perforation of a gas containing viscus. ex perforating ulcer

47
Q

Where is a pneumoperitoneum likely to be found and why?

A

Right side because the diaphragm is higher due to liver placement

48
Q

Peritonitis

A

An acute inflammation of the peritoneum

49
Q

What causes peritonitis?

A

Contamination of the peritioneum by infectious microbes. ex ruptured appendix

50
Q

List 10 retroperitoneal (organs behind the peritoneum) organs

A 
kidneys
ureters
adrenal glands
pancreas
duodenum
ascending colon
descending colon 
upper rectum
abdominal aorta 
inferior vena cava
51
Q

List 3 infraperitoneal (organs under the peritoneum) organs

A

lower rectum
urinary bladder
reproductive organs

52
Q

List 9 intraperitoneal (organs located within the abdominal cavity) organs

A 
liver
gallbladder
spleen
stomach
jejunum
ileum
cecum
transverse colon
sigmoid colon
53
Q

What is the difference in peritoneal enclosures with regards to gender?

A

The lower aspect of the peritoneal sac is closed in males but open in females. The males reproductive organs are not in the peritoneum while the females reproductive organs are.

54
Q

List the 7 bony landmarks of the body

A 
xiphoid process
inferior costal margin
iliac crest
anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
greater trochanter
pubic symphysis
ischial tuberosity
55
Q

Where is the xiphoid process located?

A

T-9, T-10

56
Q

Where is the inferior costal margin located?

A

L-2, L-3

57
Q

Where is the iliac crest located?

A

L-4, L-5

58
Q

Where is the anterior superior iliac spine located?

A

inferior to iliac crest

59
Q

How do you find the greater trochanter?

A

Have patient rotate leg internally and externally

60
Q

What is the purpose of the ischial tuberosity?

A

bear most of the weight when seated

61
Q

What is seen on a properly exposed abdomen radiograph? (5 things)

A 
psoas muscles
lower liver margin
kidney outlines
lumbar vertebrae 
transverse processes
62
Q

Name 4 reasons to do an AP supine of the abdomen? Same reasons for PA

A

bowel obstruction
neoplasm (new growth)
calcifications
ascites

63
Q

What is the anatomy demonstrated in an AP abdomen? Same for PA

A 
outline of liver
kidneys
spleen
air filled stomach
bowel segments
arch of pubis
64
Q

Which body parts (3) should appear symmetrical to ensure no rotation?

A

iliac wings
obturator foramina
ischial spines

65
Q

Why is AP projection preferred over PA?

A

If you take the image PA there is more magnification of the kidneys

66
Q

Name 3 reasons to do a lateral decubitus position

A

check for abdominal masses
air-fluid levels
intraperitonal air

67
Q

Where do you position for a lateral decubitus?

A

2 inches above iliac crest. It’s okay if you clip the pubic symphysis

68
Q

What is the anatomy demonstrated on a lateral decubitus?

A

Air filled stomach
loops of bowel
air- fluid levels
bilateral diaphragm

69
Q

What are 3 reasons to do an upright AP?

A

abdominal masses
air-fluid levels
intraperitoneal air under diaphragm

70
Q

Where should you center for an upright AP?

A

2 inches above iliac crest. Top of IR should be at the axilla

71
Q

What is the anatomy demonstrated on an upright AP?

A

air filled stomach
loops of bowel
air-fluid levels
bilateral diaphragms included

72
Q

Name 5 reasons to do a dorsal decubitus position?

A 
Abnormal masses
accumulation of gas/air-fluid levels
Aneurysms (widening of the wall of an artery, vein, or heart
calcifications of aorta
umbilical hernias
73
Q

Where should you center for a dorsal decubitus?

A

2 inches above the iliac crest

74
Q

What is the anatomy demonstrated on a dorsal decubitus?

A

diaphragm and as much lower ab as possible
air filled loops of bowel
soft tissue in anterior
prevertebral regions

75
Q

Name 4 reasons to do a lateral position

A

Abnormal soft tissue masses
umbilical hernia
prevertebral region for aneurysms of aorta or calcificaton
localization of foreign bodies

76
Q

Where should you center for lateral position?

A

You can center either 2 inches above the crest or at the crest

77
Q

Which positions are included in an acute abdomen series (3 way abdomen)?

A

AP supine
erect
PA chest

78
Q

Why would you do a 3 way abdomen series?

A 
Ileus (small bowel obstruction)
ascites
perforated hollow viscus (ulcer)
intra-abdominal mass
postoperative (abdominal surgery)

Fall Positioning (2 decks)

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