Abdomen 2 Final Exam Flashcards
Contrast enhancement lasts longest when administering the ultrasound contrast agent by:
Slow infusion
Currently in the United States, which of the following contrast agents are available and approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in echocardiography?
Definity, Optison, Imagent
Depending on the clinical application, vascular UCAs may be administered via:
Intravenous infusion
Evaluation of a patient with known cirrhosis often demonstrates a(n):
Reduced portal venous flow with an increase in hepatic artery flow.
For a vascular ultrasound contrast agent to be clinically useful, it should:
Have all of the above
Hepatic cavernous hemangioma demonstrate peripheral enhancement only during the:
Arterial phase
In harmonic-imaging mode, the echoes from the oscillating microbubbles have a:
High signal-to-noise ratio
In the early arterial phase, using tissue-specific contrast agents, focal nodular hyperplasia can have a similar appearance to a:
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
Induced acoustic-emission effects are independent of:
Contrast motion
Most of the research and development of ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) has centered on creating agents that can:
Be administered intravenously
Several reports have described the contrast-enhanced sonographic appearance of hepatocellular carcinoma as having intense enhancement in the _____________ phase.
Early arterial
The detection of flow in the hepatic capillaries is identified in the ___________ phase.
Late vascular
The first ultrasound contrast agent to receive FDA approval was used in:
Echocardiography
The mechanical index (MI) uses:
Low acoustic output power
The microbubble of a first-generation UCA contains which one of the following types of substance?
Room air
The microbubbles of tissue-specific UCAs are:
Taken up by or have an affinity for specific tissues
The rupture of microbubbles results in random:
Doppler shifts
Tissue-specific ultrasound contrast agents can be considered to be:
Molecular-imaging agents
To aid in contrast-enhanced imaging equipment, manufacturers have begun to incorporate into their systems:
Intermittent imaging capabilities
Ultrasound contrast agents have shown the potential to improve the accuracy of hepatic sonography including:
All of the above
Vascular ultrasound agents enhance Doppler flow signals by:
Adding more and better acoustic scatterers to the bloodstream
When insonating microbubble-based UCAs, the energy present within the acoustic field:
Can have a detrimental effect on the contrast microbubbles
When the microbubble is destroyed:
Contrast enhancement is no longer provided.
When using ultrasound contrast agents, a lesion that gets progressively echogenic over time is most likely:
Hemangioma
Which of the following vessels are the first to demonstrate contrast enhancement in the liver?
Hepatic arteries
A hernia in the bowel that cannot be reduced is a(n) ______________ hernia.
Incarcerated
A hernia with vascular compromise is ________________.
Strangulated
A pseudodissection demonstrates which one of the following?
Turbulent blood flow pattern
Approximately 70% of aortic dissections occur in the:
Ascending aorta
For years, which one of the following techniques has been used as a surgical tool for the diagnosis of hemoperitoneum?
Peritoneal lavage
In reproductive-age women, free fluid isolated to the posterior cul-de-sac is likely which one of the following?
Physiologic
In the early stages of testicular torsion, the echogenicity of the testis appears _____________.
Normal
In the trauma setting, the most common finding of free fluid in the abdomen or pelvis is:
Hemoperitoneum
Midepigastric pain radiating to the back is characteristic of:
Acute pancreatitis
One of the most common conditions that necessitate emergent surgery is:
Acute appendicitis
Paraumbilical hernia occurs more often in which one of the following?
Female adults
People go to the emergency department for all of the following frequent reasons except:
Ear pain
Posttrauma, the most common location for fluid to accumulate is in the ___________.
Morison’s pouch
Sonographic findings in acute pancreatitis may include which one of the following?
Normal-appearing parenchyma
Sonographic findings of acute cholecystitis include all of the following except:
Small gallbladder
Stones as small as _____ millimeters (mm) may be visualized with ultrasound.
0.5 mm
The complications of peritoneal lavage include all of the following except:
Pneumothorax
The initial survey of a FAST scan is directed to the:
Pericardium
The most common cause of acute cholecystitis is:
Obstruction of the cystic duct
The most common sonographic finding of a hernia is:
Peristalsis of the bowel during a Valsalva maneuver
The sonographic finding in aortic dissection includes all of the following except:
Laminar blood flow pattern
The traditional modality of choice for evaluating urolithiasis is:
Intravenous urography
Three types of abdominal hernias include all of the following except:
Carcerated hernia
Torsion of the spermatic cord occurs as a result of which one of the following?
Abnormal mobility of the testis
Which one of the following is nearly always associated with aortic dissection?
Hypertension
Neck muscles located anterolateral to the thyroid gland include all of the following except the
longus colli muscle (LCM)
The average weight of the thyroid gland is approximately
25 g
The high resolution sonography recommended for evaluation of parathyroid adenomas is
7.5 to 15 MHz
The mathematical method for calculating thyroid volume is based on the ellipsoid formula with a correction factor, which is:
Length x Width x Thickness x 0.52 for each lobe
The secretion of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and calcitonin is regulated by the
hypothalamus and pituitary gland
The sonographic appearance of the normal parathyroid glands generally is
hypoechoic compared with the thyroid gland.
The sonographic appearance of the normal thyroid gland is uniformly
echogenic with medium level echoes, similar to the testes and liver.
The superior and inferior parathyroid glands are supplied by the
separate small branches of the superior and inferior thyroid arteries and by branches from the longitudinal anastomoses between these vessels.
The superior thyroid artery is a branch of the :
external carotid artery
The thyroid gland is composed of follicles filled with a substance called
colloid.
The thyroid is an endocrine gland that secretes three hormones, which are
thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and calcitonin.
When ultrasound fails to identify abnormal parathyroid glands preoperatively, and in patients considered for repeat surgery, which test(s) is/are commonly used?
Scintigraphy, SPECT, and MRI
Which neck muscle(s) is/are located posterior to the thyroid gland?
Longus colli muscle
Which statement is NOT true about imaging of the parathyroid glands?
Sonography routinely is performed on patients with normal calcium levels
Which statement is NOT true about parathyroid gland physiology?
When serum calcium levels are low, PTH raises serum calcium by releasing calcium from the bone and decreasing calcium absorption in the liver.
Which statement is NOT true about the adult thyroid gland?
d.
The thyroid parenchyma is composed of connective tissue and masses of chief cells
Which statement is NOT true about the parathyroid glands and parathyroid adenomas?
Approximately 35% of parathyroid glands are ectopic
Which statement is NOT true about the parathyroid glands?
The parathyroid glands generally are situated anterior to the thyroid gland
Which statement is NOT true about the parathyroid glands?
They generally have a multilobulated shape
Which statement is NOT true about the parathyroid glands?
Normal parathyroid glands almost always can be seen, especially in young patients.
Which statement is NOT true about the parathyroid glands?
a.
The typical sonographic appearance of a parathyroid adenoma is an oval, hyperechoic, structure without through transmission.
Which statement is NOT true about the size and shape of the thyroid gland?
Shorter, obese patients tend to have oval lateral lobes measuring less than 3.5 cm.
Which statement is NOT true about the sonographic appearance of the neck muscles and the esophagus?
The longus colli muscle is hyperechoic compared with the thyroid gland.
Which statement is NOT true about the sonographic appearance of the normal thyroid gland?
It is more uniformly hypoechoic than contiguous muscles and vascular structures.
Which statement is NOT true about the thyroid gland?
It is composed of right and left lobes only
Which statement is NOT true about the thyroid gland?
In cross-section, it is outlined anteriorly by the longus colli muscle and the internal jugular vein.
Which statement is NOT true about the thyroid gland?
It is an exocrine gland that secretes triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and iron.
Which statement is NOT true about the thyroid gland?
In cross-section, it is outlined posterolaterally by the common carotid artery (CCA) and internal jugular vein (IJV), and anteriorly by the longus colli muscle.
True or False:
Most parathyroid adenomas appear in the area of an anatomic “triangle” formed by the thyroid gland, longus colli muscle, common carotid artery, and internal jugular vein. ____
True
True or False:
Patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism develop hypercalcemia. ____
True
True or False:
The major neurovascular bundle is located posterolateral to the thyroid gland and consists of the common carotid artery, internal jugular vein, and vagus nerve. ____
True
True or False:
The presence of an extrathyroidal artery leading to an abnormal parathyroid gland aids the detection of an otherwise inconspicuous parathyroid adenoma ____
True
A cystic formation lateral to the thyroid gland is typically which one of the following?
Brachial cleft cyst
A solitary thyroid nodule in the presence of ipsilateral lymphadenopathy suggests which one of the following?
Malignancy
A ___________ is a palpable midline mass between the hyoid bone and the isthmus of the thyroid gland.
Thyroglossal duct cyst
All of the following structures form neighboring structures for the thyroid gland except the:
Parotid muscle
An abnormal lymph node demonstrates which one of the following?
Round contour
Approximately 20% of solitary thyroid nodules are ___________.
Cystic
Common disorders associated with hyperthyroidism include all of the following except:
Acute thyroiditis
Hyperfunction of all parathyroid glands with no apparent cause occurs with which one of the following?
Primary hyperplasia of the parathyroid glands
Increased vascularity with color Doppler, termed the thyroid inferno, is observed in ___________________.
Graves’ disease
Sonographically, the normal thyroid gland may be described as having all of the following characteristics except:
Diffusely homogenous
The approximate dimensions of the thyroid gland are:
5 cm length, 2 cm width, 2 cm depth
The lobes of the thyroid gland are connected by:
The isthmus
The most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism is which one of the following?
Parathyroid adenoma
The most common cause of thyroid disorders worldwide is which one of the following?
Iodine deficiency
The most common cause of thyroid malignancy is _____________ carcinoma.
Papillary
The normal parathyroid glands measure less than _______ millimeters (mm).
4
The parathyroid glands lie between the ____________ borders of the ____________ lobes of the thyroid gland.
Posterior; medial
The parathyroid glands produce a hormone that affects the:
Kidneys, bones, and gastrointestinal tract
The pyramid lobe of the thyroid gland extends from the __________________.
Superior isthmus
The thyroid gland consists of ________ lobes:
Two
The thyroid is an endocrine gland that regulates metabolic function through the production of all of the following hormones except:
Thyroliberin
Usually _____ parathyroid glands exist.
Four
Which one of the following sonographic features of a thyroid adenoma is the most common?
Hypoechoic peripheral halo
Which one of the following structures lies medial to the left thyroid lobe?
Larynx
Which one of the following structures lies posterolateral to the thyroid gland?
Longus colli muscle
About 60% of semen is composed of
alkaline fluid rich in fructose, produced by the seminal vesicles.
Convoluted seminiferous tubules connect to straight tubules, which empty into the
rete testis
In an adult, testicular volume is _____, and testicular weight is _____.
25 ml; 10 to 15 g
Spermatozoa exit the testis through the
efferent ducts
Testicular parenchyma on ultrasound is
homogeneous
The epididymis empties into the
ductus deferens.
The epididymis is connected to which portion of the testis?
Superior
