abdomen

Question 1

4 quadrants and 9 regions of abdomen

Answer 1

Quadrants include left upper, left lower, right upper and right lower. The regions include right and left hypochondrium, right and left lumbar, right and left inguinal, epigastric, umbilical and hypogastric regions.

Question 2

4 parts of stomach

Answer 2

Cardia
Corpus
Fundus
Pylorus - antrum and canal

gastric canal

Question 3

3 muscular layers of stomach

Answer 3

longitudinal (outermost) - mostly situated around greater and lesser curvatures
circular - includes pyloric sphincter
oblique - peristaltic movement

Question 4

name of part between oesophageal border and fundus

Answer 4

cardiac notch

Question 5

histological layers of stomach and features

Answer 5

mucosa - gastric folds/rugae
submucosa - loose connective tissue, blood vessels and nerves
muscularis externa - 3 muscle layers
serosa - visceral peritoneum

Question 6

Cells lining stomach mucosa

Answer 6

simple columnar epithelium
gastric pits/ glands
mucous neck cells - mucous
parietal cells - secrete hcl
chief cells - pepsinogen
neuroendocrine cells

Question 7

coeliac trunk

Answer 7

abdominal aorta -> coeliac trunk ->left gastric, splenic and hepatic

Question 8

which arteries anastomose on lesser curvature and where do they originate from

Answer 8

right (from hepatic) and left gastric(from coeliac trunk

Question 9

which arteries anastomose on greater curvature and where do they originate from

Answer 9

right (from gastroduodenal) and left gastroomental (from splenic) arteries

Question 10

which artery supplies fundus and upper body of stomach

Answer 10

splenic -> short gastric arteries

Question 11

blood supply to pylorus

Answer 11

gastroduodenal (hepatic)

Question 12

venous drainage of stomach

Answer 12

follow arteries closely, then drain into hepatic portal, splenic and superior mesenteric veins

Question 13

innervation of stomach and functions

Answer 13

parasympathetic - anterior and posterior vagal trunks, which stem from the left and right vagus nerves (CN X), respectively
- inducing gastric secretion and motility, relaxation of the pyloric sphincter during gastric emptying, sensations of pain, fullness, and nausea
sympathetic - coeliac plexus from greater splanchnic
- inhibit gastric motility and constricting the pyloric sphincter

Question 14

lymph nodes of stomach

Answer 14

juxtacardial nodes (a.k.a. paracardial nodes),
gastric nodes (left and right)
short gastric nodes (corresponding to the short gastric arteries)
gastroomental nodes (l and r),
pyloric nodes (made up of the supra-, infra- (or sub-) and retropyloric groups).