Abdomen

Question 1

Gallbladder position varies with body habitus. Note the extreme difference in position of the gallbladder between the __ and__ habitus.

Answer 1

hypersthenic & asthenic

Question 2

Body is large and heavy,bony framework is thick, short and wide, Heart: axis nearly transverse,Lungs: short, apices near clavicles,Diaphragm: high,Stomach: high, transverse and in the middle,Colon: around periphery of abdomen,Gallbladder: high, outside lies more parallel, Build: massive,Abdomen: long,Thorax: short, broad, deep,Pelvis: narrow

Answer 2

Hypersthenic (massive)

Question 3

Athletic build similar to hypersthenic,but modified by elongation of abdomen and thorax,Heart: moderately transverse,Lungs: moderate length,Diaphragm: moderately high, Stomach: high, upper left, Colon: spread evenly, slight dip in transverse colon Gallbladder: centered on right side, upper abdomen,Build: moderately heavy,Abdomen: moderately long,Thorax: moderately short, broad and deep,Pelvis: relatively small

Answer 3

Sthenic (average)

Question 4

Somewhat slighter, less robust, similar to asthenic but stomach,intestines and gallbladder situated higher in the abdomen The organs and characteristics for this body habitus are intermediate between the sthenic and asthenic body habitus types. This body habitus is the most difficult to classify.

Answer 4

Hyposthenic (slender)

Question 5

Body is slender and light, bony framework is delicate, Heart: nearly vertical and at midline, Lungs: long, apices above clavicles, maybe broader above base, Diaphragm: low, Stomach: low and medial, in the pelvis when standing, Colon: low, folds on itself, Gallbladder: low and nearer the midline, Build: frail,Abdomen: short,Thorax: long, shallow,Pelvis: wide

Answer 5

Asthenic (very slender)

Question 6

Anatomy summary RUQ

Answer 6

Liver, gallbladder, right colic (hepatic flexure), doudenum, right kidney, head of pancreas, right supra renal gland

Question 7

anatomy summary LUQ

Answer 7

Spleen, stomach left colic (splenic flexure), tail of pancreas, left kidney, left suprarenal gland

Question 8

anatomy summary RLQ

Answer 8

Ascending colon appendix (vermiform), cecum 2/3 ileum, ileocecal valve

Question 9

anatomy summary LLQ

Answer 9

descending colon, sigmoid colon, 2/3 jejunum

Question 10

Organs in right hypocondriac

Answer 10

Liver, gb, right kidney, small intestine

Question 11

Organs in epigastric region

Answer 11

Stomach, liver, pancreas, duodenum, spleen, adrenal glands

Question 12

Organs in left hypocondriac

Answer 12

Spleen, colon, left kidney, pancreas

Question 13

Organs in right lumbar

Answer 13

Gb, liver, right colon

Question 14

Organs in Umbilical region

Answer 14

Umbilicus (navel), parts of Small intestine, duodenum

Question 15

Organs in left lumbar

Answer 15

Descending colon, left kidney

Question 16

Organs in Right iliac

Answer 16

Appendix, cecum

Question 17

Organs in hypogastric region

Answer 17

UB, sigmoid colon, female reproductive organs

Question 18

organs in Left iliac

Answer 18

Descending colon & sigmoid colon

Question 19

Localized dilatation of abdominal aorta

Answer 19

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA)

Question 20

Inflammation of appendix

Answer 20

Appendicitis

Question 21

Narrowing of bile ducts

Answer 21

Biliary stenosis

Question 22

Blockage of bowel lumen

Answer 22

Bowel obstruction

Question 23

Acute or chronic inflammation of GB

Answer 23

Cholecystitis

Question 24

Calculus in the common bile duct

Answer 24

Choledocholithiasis

Question 25

Presence of gallstone

Answer 25

Cholelithiasis

Question 26

Failure of bowel peristalsis

Answer 26

Ileus

Question 27

Transfer of cancerous lesion from one area to another

Answer 27

Metastases

Question 28

Presence of air in the peritoneal cavity

Answer 28

Pneumoperitoneum

Question 29

New tissue growth where proliferation is uncontrollable

Answer 29

Tumor

Question 30

Recurrent disorder causing inflammatory ulceration in the colon

Answer 30

Ulcerative colitis

Question 31

Ap abdomen or KUB projection Postion of px- Part position- Respiration- Cr- Ss-

Answer 31

Place px in supine/upright position (supine is preferred for most initial examination of abdomen) Center midsagittal plane of body to midline of grid device Px supine place support under the knees to relieve strain For supine position center ir at level of iliac crest and ensure pubic symphysis is included For upright center ir 2in (5cm) above level of iliac crest or high enough to include diaphragm Suspend at end of expiration Perpendicular to ir level of iliac crest to include pubic symphysis for supine Horizontal & 2in (5cm) above level of iliac crest to include diaphragm for upright Shows size & shape of liver, kidney, spleen and intraabdominal calcification or tumor masses

Question 32

Pa projection upright abdomen Px position Part position Cr Ss

Answer 32

px in upright position place anterior abdominal surface in contact with vertical grid device, center abodminal midline or midline of IR Center 2in (5cm) above level of iliac crest or high enough to include diaphragm for upright position Horizontal 2in (5cm) above level of iliac crest to include diaphragm for upright position Show shape and size of kidney, liver, spleen, intraabdominal calcification and tumor masses, abdominal soft tissue masses, umbilical hernia, aneurysm of aorta calcifications maybe performed for localization of foreign bodies

Question 33

Abdomen Ap projection l lateral decubitus position Px position Part position Respiration Cr Ss

Answer 33

If px too tall to stand place him/her in lateral recumbent position lying on radiolucent pad on transport cart, use left lateral decubitus in most situation, place px arms above level of diaphragm so they are not projected over any abdominal contents, flex px knee slightly to stablize Adjust height of vertical grid device so the long axis of ir is centered to midsagittal plane, adjust px to ensure a true lateral is attained Suspend at end of expiration Directed horizontal and perpendicular to midpoint of the IR Show size and shape of liver spleen kidney, px in left decubitus position is most valuable for demonstrating air or fluid levels when upright abdomen projection cannot be obtained

Question 34

Abdomen lateral projection Px position Part position Respiration Cr Ss

Answer 34

Turn px to lateral recumbent position on either L or R Flex px knee to a comfortable position, adjust the body so that the midcoronal plane is centered to midline of grid, place support between knees and ankle, flex elbow and place hand under px head Suspend at end of expiration Perpendicular to ir and entering midcoronal plane at level of iliac crest 2in (5cm) above iliac crest if diaphragm is included Demonstrates prevertebral space occupied by abdominal aorta, as well as any intraabdominal calcifications or tumor masses

Question 35

Abdomen lateral projection decubitus position Px position Part position Respiration Cr Ss

Answer 35

If px cannot stand or lie on side place px in supine position on a transportation cart or other suitable support with L or R side in contact with vertical grid device Adjust height of vertical grid device so that long axis of IR centered to midcoronal plane, position px to a point approximately 2in (5cm) above the level iliac crest is centered to the IR Suspend on end of expiration Perpendicular to ir entering midcoronal plane at level of iliac crest 2in (5cm) Demonstrate prevertebral space and quite useful in determining the air fluid levels in the abdomen