Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PMMH > Abdomen > Flashcards

Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

What is jaundice?

A

High level of bilirubin causing yellowing of the skin/sclera and dark urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What pathology causes jaundice?

A

Causes include:

Hepatitis

Liver Cirrhosis

Biliary Obstruction (e.g. due to gallstones or pancreatic cancer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is Aphthous Ulceration?

A

Round or Oval ulcers occurring in the mucous membranes in the mouth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What causes Aphthous Ulceration?

A

Causes typically benign, but include:

Stress

Mechanical trauma

Can be associated with:

Iron and B12 deficiency

Crohn’s Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Haematemesis?

A

The vomiting of blood which can be:

Fresh red in colour

Or

Coffee ground in appearance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What causes haematemesis?

A

Mallory-Weiss tear or Oesophageal Varaceal Rupture (FRESH RED APPEARANCE)

Gastric or Duodenal Ulcer (COFFEE GROUND APPEARANCE)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is gastro-oesophageal reflux and how does it present?

A

Back flow of stomach contents into oesophagus.

Secondary to lower oesophageal sphincter incompetence.

Presents as:

Epigastric discomfort – burning in nature.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Odynophagia and list two potential causes?

A

Pain during swallowing.

Can be caused by:

Oesophageal obstruction

Or

Infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a Mallory-Weiss Tear?

A

A tear or laceration of the mucous membrane

Most common at point where oesophagus and stomach meet.

(Gastroesophageal Junction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the Signs and Symptoms of Mallory-Weiss Tear?

A

Abdominal pain

History of severe vomiting

Haematemesis

Involuntary effort to vomit (retching)

Coffee Grounds vomit

Malena

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Common Causes of Mallory-Weiss tear?

A

In most instances – severe vomiting

Can be associated with:

Chronic alcoholism

Severe chest or abdomen trauma

Chronic Hiccups

Intense Snoring

Lifting and straining

Gastritis

Hiatus hernia

Complication of chemotherapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Causes of abdominal distension.

A

Ascites

Constipation

Bowel obstruction

Organomegaly

Malignancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Causes of Constipation.

A

Dehydration

Reduction in bowel motility

Medications ( opiates, ondansetron and iron supplements)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Causes of Diarrhoea

A

Infection

Irritable bowel syndrome

Inflammatory bowel disease

Medications (laxatives)

Constipation (with overflow)

Malignancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Steatorrhoea and what are the causes?

A

Presence of fat in faeces, causing pale appearance and difficulty in flushing.

Causes:

Pancreatitis

Pancreatic cancer

Biliary obstruction

Celiac disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is Haematochezia?

A

Fresh red blood passed per rectum.

Caused by:

Haemorrhoids

Anal Fissures

Lower Gastrointestinal Malignancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is Ascites? List the causes.

A

Build up of fluid within the abdomen

Caused by:

Liver Cirrhosis – 75 percent of cases

Cancer – 15 percent

Other causes:

Heart failure

Inflammation of the pancreas

Infection

Kidney problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the symptoms of Ascites?

A

Symptoms incluide:

Weight Gain

Reduced Appetite, Constipation and Indigestion

Nausea and Vomiting

Shortness of breath due to, increased pressure on lungs and build up of fluid in lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Complications of Ascites?

A

Infection within fluid

Medications used to reduce fluid can cause changes to salt and potassium levels

Can affect cardiac and kidney function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are systemic gastrointestinal symptoms ?

A

Anorexia

Weight loss

Nausea

Fatigue

Pyrexia

Pruritus

Confusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is Acute Abdomen?

A

Rapid onset of:

Severe symptoms

That may indicate potentially life threatening intracranial-abdominal pathology

That requires urgent surgical intervention.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How does Acute Abdomen Present?

A

Sudden onset of abdominal pain

Associated nausea or vomiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Obstructive causes of Acute Abdomen

A

Adhesions

Incarceration of hernias

Volvulus

Gallstones

Intussusception

Congenital anatomical abnormalities

Gastrointestinal Neoplasm

Inflammatory bowel disease

24
Q

Inflammatory causes of Acute Abdomen

A

Cholecystitis

Appendicitis

Acute pancreatitis

Acute diverticulitis

Merkel’s diverticulitis

Ulcerative Colitis

Crohn’s Disease

25
Q

Gynaecological causes of Acute Abdomen

A

Ectopic Pregnancy

Ruptured Ovarian Cyst

Ovarian Torsion

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

Endometriosis

26
Q

Infectious causes of Acute Abdomen

A

Hepatic abscess or Hepititis

Gastroenteritis

Infectious colitis

Typhilitis

Psoas abscess

27
Q

Toxic causes of Acute Abdomen

A

Heavy metal poisoning (mercury, lead and arsenic)

Narcotic withdrawal from opioids

28
Q

Ischaemic causes of Acute Abdomen

A

Acute mesenteric ischaemia and infarction

Ischaemic colitis

Splenic infarction

Sickle cell crisis

Budd-Chiari syndrome

Abdominal wall haematoma

29
Q

Metabolic causes of Acute Abdomen

A

Uraemia

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Addisonian crisis

Inherited metabolic disorders

Allergy/Anaphylaxis

30
Q

Vascular causes of Acute Abdomen

A

Abdominal Aortic Dissection

Ruptured Aortic Aneurysm

Ruptured Splenic artery aneurysm

31
Q

Urological causes of Acute Abdomen

A

Testicular Torsion

Kidney Stones

Pyelonephritis

32
Q

Acute Appendicitis Symptoms

A

Acute abdominal pain starting in mid abdomen, later localising to the right lower quadrant

Associated with fever, anorexia, nausea and vomiting.

33
Q

Tests to assess for Appendicitis

A

Rosving’s

Psoas

Obturator

34
Q

What is Mesenteric Adenitis?

A

Swelling of the lymphatic tissue of the mesentery, secondarily caused by viral or bacterial infection.

35
Q

What population group does Mesenteric Adenitis most commonly affect?

A

Children

36
Q

How does Mesenteric Adenitis present?

A

LLQ and LRQ abdominal pain.

Will not present with true green bile vomiting.

37
Q

Symptoms of Acute Diverticulitis

A

Pyrexia

Tachycardia

Malaise

Lower Iliac Fossa Pain

Abdominal Distension

Palpable Mass

38
Q

In RARE cases Diverticulitis can progress to?

A

Fistula

Abscess

Peritonitis

Perforation

Haemorrhage

Bowel obstruction

39
Q

Crohns Disease affects?

A

Any part of the gastrointestinal tract

Causing discontinuous patchy inflammation

Transmural (affects the full thickness of the bowel wall)

40
Q

Ulcerative Colitis affects?

A

The large intestine only.

Causing continuous inflammation

Mucosal and submucosal layers are affected

41
Q

What is the Ruptured Aortic Aneurysm Triad?

A

Abdominal/Back pain

Pulsatile Abdominal Mass (only sensitive in thin patients with AAA >5CM)

Hypotension

42
Q

What is Acute Cholecyctitis?

A

Acute Gallbladder Inflammation – major complication of gallstones.

Caused by obstruction or passage of gallstones into neck or cystic duct, causing acute inflammation of gallbladder wall.

Impacted gallstone causes bile to become trapped, causing irritation and increases in pressure in gallbladder.

43
Q

Fill in the blank

Patients with Peritonitis are usually_______ with or without shock.

A

Septic

44
Q

What are the complications of a perforated viscus?

A

Bowel contents, bile, urine, exudate and blood can irritate the peritoneum and lead to peritonitis.

45
Q

Your patient is still, reluctant to be examined due to pain, guarding their abdomen, with rigidity and rebound tenderness present. What is your impression ?

A

Peritonitis

46
Q

What tissue does Merkel’s Diverticulum consist of and where does it reside?

A

Pancreatic and stomach tissue inside the small intestine.

47
Q

What can Merkel’s Diverticulum Cause?

A

Hydrochloride acid release

Volvulus

48
Q

What is a Volvulus?

A

The bowel twisting on itself causing an obstruction

49
Q

Symptoms of a Volvulus?

A

Abdominal pain

Distension

Vomiting – look out for green bile

Blood in stool

Constipation/overflow diarrhoea

Haemodynamic instability

50
Q

Most common age group for a Volvulus?

A

Age >70 years

But can occur in utero, through to adulthood.

51
Q

What is Intussusception?

A

Telescoping action where part of intestine slides into adjacent part of intestine.

Often blocking food or fluid from passing through.

Can also cut off blood supply to affected part of intestine.

52
Q

What age group most likely to get an Intussusception?

A

Occurs at any age but:

Most common in 2-24 months

53
Q

Intussusception – classic symptoms triad in paediatric patients?

A

Palpable mass

Intermittent abdominal pain

Red currant coloured stools.

54
Q

Symptoms associated with Intussusception?

A

Pallor

Lethargy

Diarrhoea

Shock

Vomiting (look out for green bile)

55
Q

Cause of Peptic Ulcer Disease

A

Epigastric pain

Nausea

Vomiting (rarely, may relieve pain)

Lethargy due to anaemia

Weight Loss

Can be asymptomatic.

56
Q

Presentation of Acute Pancreatitis

A

Sudden onset of Abdominal pain

Nausea and vomiting are often present

History of Gallstones or excessive alcohol intake

Signs include:

Epigastric Tenderness

Pyrexia

Tachycardia

57
Q

List treatment plan for Acute Abdo presenting with Hypotension and Tachycardia ?

A
  • suggestive of fluid loss, hypovolaemia or sepsis.
  • require prompt, aggressive fluid resuscitation with adequate large bore IV access.
  • Tranexamic acid indicated for AAA.

Priority Call - broad spectrum antibiotics, administered promptly due to infection peritoneal spoilage or sepsis differentials.

Adequate pain relief using opioids and use of anti-emetics

PMMH (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions