ABD Thyroid Ch. 22

Question 1

Thyroid labs

Answer 1

Triiodothyronine (T3)
Thyroxine (T4)
Calcitonin
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 2

How many glands are with the thyroid and parathyroid

Answer 2

Thyroid- 1 gland with 2 lobes
Parathyroid- 4 glands, two lie posterior to each superior pole of the thyroid and the other two lie posterior to the inferior pole

Question 3

Measurements of thyroid

Answer 3

Adults
Length: 40-60 mm 
AP Diameter: 20-30 mm
Width: 13-18 or 15-20 mm
Children
Length: 20-30 mm
AP Diameter: 12-15 mm
Width: 10-15 mm

Question 4

Isthmus..what it connects and measurements

Answer 4

AP diameter of 4-6 mm

connects the right and left lobes of the thyroid

Question 5

Muscles around thyroid

Answer 5

pg 590
Anterior: strap muscles-sternothyroid, omohyoid & sternohyoid (thin, hypo echoic bands anterior), and sternocleidomastoid (larger oval band lying anterior and lateral)
Posterior: longus colli muscle (hypoechoic triangular structure adjacent to cervical vertebrae)

Question 6

Pyramidal lobe

Answer 6

arises from the isthmus and tapers superiorly just anterior to the thyroid cartilage
may be seen in peds but usually atrophies in the adult
present in 15%-30% of patients

Question 7

Anatomy around the thyroid

Answer 7

pg 590
Medial: larynx, trachea, pharynx, esophagus
Common carotid artery and internal jugular vein

Question 8

Characteristics of the thyroid

Answer 8

located in the anteroinferior neck at the level of the thyroid cartilage
straddles the trachea anteriorly
bounded laterally by the carotid arteries and jugular veins

Question 9

Statistically..what % of solitary nodules are malignant or benign

Answer 9

benign-7%

malignant-

Question 10

Most common thyroid disorders are and what it’s caused by

Answer 10

goiter (nodular hyperplasia, multinodular goiter, adenomatous hyperplasia
caused by iodine deficiency

Question 11

Common disorders associated with hyperthyroidism

Answer 11

diffuse toxic hyperplasia (Grave’s Disease)
toxic multinodular goiter
toxic adenoma

Question 12

Thyroid adenomas look like

Answer 12

homogenous with variable size
solitary lesion with areas of hemorrhage or necrosis
range from anechoic to completely hyper echoic
commonly have a peripheral halo
calcifications around the rim

Question 13

Parathyroid glands produce and that hormone affects what other organs

Answer 13

produce parathyroid hormone (PTH) and monitor serum calcium feedback mechanism
bone, kidney, intestine

Question 14

Location of parathyroid glands

Answer 14

on the posterior medial surface of the thyroid gland

two lie posterior to each superior pole of the thyroid and the other two lie posterior to the inferior pole

Question 15

Singular nodule..lymphadenopathy on same side…what would that be

Answer 15

suggests malignancy

Question 16

Most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism

Answer 16

parathyroid adenoma

Question 17

Thyroglossal duct cysts

Answer 17

congenital anomalies that appear in the midline of the neck anterior to the trachea
oval or spherical
rarely larger than 2 or 3 cm
failure of the tract that connects the thyroid lobes to the floor of the pharynx to atrophy, creates the potential for cystic masses to form anywhere along it

Question 18

Branchial cleft cysts

Answer 18

located lateral to the thyroid gland
cystic appearance
solid components
low-level echogenicity

Question 19

Hyper function of parathyroid glands with no apparent cause

Answer 19

primary hyperplasia

Question 20

Thyroid inferno..what may you be encountering

Answer 20

Grave’s disease

Question 21

Most common cause of thyroid malignancy…what cell type

Answer 21

papillary carcinoma

Question 22

Abnormal lymph node might look like

Answer 22

normal: oval, homogenous, central core echo complex
malignant: more rounded