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Abbreviations Flashcards

1
Q

ADS-B

automatic dependant surveillance-broadcast

A

automatic dependant surveillance-broadcast

Automaticlly sends out data of aircraft system type

an aviation surveillance technology and form of Electronic Conspicuity in which an aircraft (or other airborne vehicles such as drones approved to fit “ADS-B Out”) determines its position via satellite navigation or other sensors and periodically broadcasts its position and other related data, enabling it to be tracked. The information can be received by air traffic control ground-based or satellite-based receivers as a replacement for secondary surveillance radar (SSR). ADS-B is “automatic” in that it requires no pilot or external input to trigger its transmissions. It is “dependent” in that it depends on data from the aircraft’s navigation system to provide the transmitted data.[1]

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2
Q

AGL

A

Above Ground Level

(Height)

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3
Q

AIS

A

Aeronautical information service

Responsible for providing general information regaridng air regulations

A service established within the defined area of coverage responsible for the provision of aeronautical data and aeronautical information necessary for the safety, regularity and efficiency of air navigation.

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4
Q

AMC

A

Acceptable Means of Compliance

Guidence material

guidance documents, so-called Guidance Material (GM), and Acceptable Means of Compliance (AMC) have been published. These documents contain guides and examples to facilitate the interpretation of the rules. AMCs are non-binding standards adopted by EASA to illustrate means to establish compliance with the Basic Regulation and its Implementing Rules.

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5
Q

AMSL

A

above mean sea level

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6
Q

ARC

A

Air risk class

How to asses risk in SORA

Part of SORA methodology. A letter value indicates the air risk class (ARC): ARC-a, ARC-b, ARC-c and ARC-d, where ARC-a is the lowest air risk. The risk value depends on how high the drone is to operate, proximity to the airport, and airspace classification. Air risk can be reduced by adopting various measures.

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6
Q

ATIS

A

Automatic Terminal Information Service:

continuous broadcast of aeronautical information in busy terminal areas

Automatic terminal information service, or ATIS, is a continuous broadcast of recorded aeronautical information in busier terminal areas. ATIS broadcasts contain essential information, such as current weather information, active runways, available approaches, and any other information required by the pilots, such as important NOTAMs.

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6
Q

BVLOS

A

Beyond visual line of sight

When you cannot see the drone without assistance

When flying beyond visual line of sight (BVLOS), the drone pilot controls the drone system using instruments and telemetry solutions without visual contact with the drone. Strict requirements are set for such an operation, and BVLOS operations must be performed according to the limitations specified in the standard scenario or risk assessment

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6
Q

ATS

A

Air traffic service:

guides in controlled airspaces and assists pilots in uncontrolled airspa

ATC is a service provided by controllers on the ground who guide aircraft in controlled airspaces and provide information and support to pilots in uncontrolled airspaces. Their goal is to provide safety, order, and efficiency for air traffic. Units providing emergency, information, and control services in the airspace over Norwegian territory and adjacent international waters.

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6
Q

EVLOS

A

Extended visual line of sight

Beyond visual line of sight with human aid

Sub section of beyond line of sight (BVLOS) is an operation whereby the drone pilot maintains uninterrupted situational awareness of the airspace in which the UAS operation is being conducted via visual airspace surveillance through one or more human visual observers, possibly aided by technological means. The remote pilot has direct control of the UAS at all times.

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6
Q

CTR

A

Controlled Traffic Region / Control Zone

Control zone

Controlled airspace in Norway consists of the following classes: A, C and D. Here you will also find the CTR (control zone) which is the airspace surrounding the airport,

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6
Q

BRLOS

A

beyond radio line of sight:

Beyond visual line of sight with non-human aid

an operation where the unmanned aircraft flies out of radio range, where there is no direct link between the aircraft and the ground station, but is controlled using satellite communications (satcom) or mobile technology.

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7
Q

CRM

A

Crew resource management

Group work

CRM is a concept used by aviation crew members to improve flight safety. A key element of the CRM philosophy is that the crew must utilise all available resources in any situation. This practice requires knowledge of human factors and awareness of one’s limitations. The concept is based on non-technical skills such as communication, situational awareness, problem-solving, decision-making, leadership, and stress management.

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8
Q

CAA

A

Civil Aviation Authority

Norwegian Civil Aviation Authority (Luftfartstilsynet)

The Civil Aviation Authority of Norway is an autonomous body directly subordinate to and reports to the Norwegian Ministry of Transport. The Norwegian Civil Aviation (CAA-N) Authority is responsible for introducing and adapting national and international legislation and creating regulations for Norwegian aviation. They also supervise Norwegian aviation operators who comply with applicable laws, rules, and regulations.

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9
Q

DAA

A

Detect and Avoid

System to avoid crashing

Detect and avoid (DAA) system enables operators to sense and avoid other aircraft and obstacles autonomously. These systems use sensors, such as radar, acoustic, and visual, to detect and avoid obstacles in the airspace.

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10
Q

EASA

A

European Aviation Safety Agency

EASA develops civil aviation regulatory frameworks in cooperation with its member countries and other interest groups and conducts certification of manned aircraft and components. The European Commission adopts EASA regulations.
EASA is behind the European drone regulations, which set requirements for both drone pilots, drone operators, and drone manufacturers

11
Q

ESC - Electronic Speed Controllers

A

ESC, the electronic speed controller, is tasked with translating speed signals from the autopilot or directly from the radio receiver and adjusting the speed of the motor as instructed. On a multicopter, all speed signals go through the autopilot.

12
Q

**GNSS

A

Global Navigation Satellite System

13
Q

**GM

A

Guidance Material

From EASA

14
Q

GS

A

Ground Station

a fixed satellite service

Define aeronautical ground station. means the ground station of a fixed satellite service or satellite aeronautical mobile service located at a fixed point

15
Q

ICAO

A

International Civil Aviation Organization

The big boss

The United Nations Organisation for International Aviation, ICAO, was established to set international aviation standards. ICAO is headquartered in Montreal, Canada, and is responsible for implementing the principles of the Convention to ensure the safe and orderly development of civil aviation at a global level. ICAO makes recommendations on how states should shape their regulatory frameworks and standards. Member countries use ICAO annexes as the regulatory framework but can also add their own regulations.
The Chicago Convention currently has 19 annexes. These contain ICAO’s detailed descriptions of the recommended regulations, procedures, and norms. For example, ICAO Annex 2 describes air traffic rules that are intended to safeguard flight safety and are references that have been incorporated into SERA (Standardized European Rules of the Air).

16
Q

IFR

A

Instrument Flight Rules

Cockpit instrumentation for example

During IFR, pilots navigate with instruments and navigation aids. IFR flights take place in almost all kinds of weather and visibility conditions, usually in the form of scheduled traffic with passengers or cargo.

Instrument flight rules are rules and regulations to govern flight under conditions in which flight by outside visual reference is not safe. IFR flight depends upon flying by reference to instruments in the flight deck, and navigation is accomplished by reference to electronic signals.

17
Q

Luftfartstilsynet

A

Civil Aviation Authority of Norway (Luftfartstilsynet) CAA

18
Q

LUC

A

Light UAS operator certificate

Allow the operator to self-authorize operations w

The LUC privileges may allow the operator to self-authorize operations without applying for authorization.

19
Q

MCC

A

Multi-crew cooperation

Cooperation

19
Q

METAR

A

METeorological Aerodrome Report

a standardized format for reporting weather information at airports

METAR is a standardized format for reporting weather information at airports. The airports send weather observations to the Meteorological Institute daily, ten minutes before every hour and sometimes even ten minutes before every half hour. A SPECI is issued for significant weather changes, regardless of time.

METAR ENAL 291620Z 20009KT 160V230 8000 -SHRA FEW006 SCT020 BKN029 03/01 Q0972

A METAR report contains codes for wind, visibility, precipitation, clouds, cloud height, temperature, dew point, pressure, and other weather conditions. Below you see an example of a METAR report.

20
Q

**MTOW/MTOM

A

Maximum takeoff weight/mass

21
Q

NOTAM

A

Notice to Airmen

coded messages containing important flight information

NOTAM (notice to airmen) are coded messages containing important flight information. Examples of information could be the creation of temporary no-fly zones, closed taxiways, and out-of-service navigation aids. NOTAM messages are always published in English, which is the international aviation language.

22
Q

**GRC

A

Ground Risk Class

the risk of a person being hit by a drone

Considers aircraft characteristics (weight and dimensions) the area in which the flight will take place.

23
Q

**NPA

A

Notice of Proposed Amendment

notice of an intention to change their Regulatory regime for aircraft

Used by an National Aviation Authority (NAA) to give notice of an intention to change their Regulatory regime for aircraft design, production, maintenance or operation and allow interested parties the opportunity to comment before actual changes are made. Equivalent to Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM).

24
Q

**OSO

A

Operational Safety Objective

List of measures to be met

Safety Objectives (SO) are qualitative or quantitative statements that define the maximum frequency at which a hazard can be accepted to occur.

Step 8 – Safety Objectives (OSO)
The list of measures to be met is referred to as operational safety objectives (OSO). Depending on the SAIL value, the various measures will be classified with several levels: O (optional), L (low), M (medium), and H (high).
The OSO table is used to identify the robustness level to meet the requirements. OSO requirements are divided into four different areas covering the drone system, external systems supporting the operation, human error, weather conditions, and other operational areas.

25
Q

**PDRA

A

Pre-defined risk assessment

This is a shortened set of prescriptive conditions that must be complied with by an operator in order to conduct a pre-determined type of operation.

If there is not a PDRA available, then you must use the SORA methodology

26
Q

**SORA

A

Specific operations risk assessment

Risk assessment that isnt preamade

If there is not a PDRA available, then you must use the SORA methodology

27
Q

**STS

A

Standard scenario

An operator is not required to obtain an operational authorisation to conduct an operation covered by a STS. So it should be first checked if the operation can be accommodated under an STS. If it is so, then submitting a declaration to the NAA of the state of registration is sufficient. It is one of the various possibilities for the operators to start their operations.

28
Q

**SAIL

A

Specific Assurance and Integrity Level

By combining both ground risk (GRC) and air risk class (ARC), SORA provides an overall risk assessment from 1 (low risk) to 6 (high risk), where each individual risk value is associated with a number of risk-mitigation measures that must be met.

By combining ground and air risk, SORA provides an overall risk value – a so-called SAIL value (specific assurance and integrity level). This value represents the risk level of the drone operation and is directly associated with a list of defined measures for different risk areas, such as technical and operational topics. The higher the SAIL value, the more stringent measures must be adopted.

29
Q

**UAS

A

Unmanned Aircraft System

30
Q

VTOL

A

Vertical take-off and landing

STS (1 decks)

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