ab. psych final Flashcards
Anorexia nervosa
extreme weight loss
due to restriction (not eating enough)
Bulimia nervosa
Go on binges and then
engage in a behavior such as vomiting to
try to prevent weight gain
Binge eating disorder
Eating binges
without a compensatory behavior like vomiting
Anorexia DSM 5 diagnosis
Restriction of energy intake relative to requirements, leading to a
significantly low body weight (in the context of age, sex, and physical
health)
O “Significantly low weight” is defined as weight that is less than
minimally normal
B. Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat C. Disturbance in the way in which one’s body or shape is experienced,
undue influence of body weight or shape on self-evaluation, or persistent lack of recognition of the seriousness of current low body weight
Two Types of Anorexia
Restricting Type: During the last 3 months weight loss was primarily achieved through
dieting, fasting, and/or excessive exercise
O Binge-eating/purging type: During the last 3 months, the ind has engaged in recurrent
episodes of binge eating or purging behavior (vomiting, misuse of laxatives, enemas)
O How is this different from bulimia?
O Failure to maintain healthy body weight
Bulimia Nervosa DSM 5
A. Recurrent episodes of binge eating. An episode is characterized
by both of the following:
A. Eating, in a discrete period of time (ex: within a 2 hr. period),
an amt of food that is definitely larger than what most would
eat
B. A sense of lack of control over eating during the episode (feel
can’t stop or control what you are eating)
B. Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviors in order to
prevent weight gain -purging- vomiting, misuse of laxatives,
excessive exercise
C. The binge eating and inappropriate compensatory behaviors both
occur, on average, at least once a week for 3 months
D. Self-evaluation is unduly influenced by body shape and weight E. The disturbance does not occur exclusively during episodes of
anorexia nervosa
Binge eating
A. Recurrent episodes of binge eating (characterized by eating more than
the average person in a short time and feeling of lack of control)
B. The binge-eating episodes are associated with 3 (or more) of the
following:
A. Eating much more rapidly than normal B. Eating until feeling uncomfortably full C. Eating large amounts of food when not feeling physically hungry D. Eating alone because of feeling embarrassed by how much one is
eating
E. Feeling disgusted with oneself, depressed, or very guilty afterward C. Marked distress regarding binge eating is present D. The binge eating occurs, on average, at least once a week for 3 months E. The binge is not associated with the recurrent use of inappropriate
compensatory behavior
Transgender
- Persistently identifies with the opposite sex
- Wears clothing of the gender that they identify with (not for sexual arousal)
- Feels incongruence between physical body and gender
- Can be gay or straight
Transvestic Disorder
- Male who wears female attire (extremely rare for female to wear male attire)
- Is sexually aroused by cross-dressing
- Majority are heterosexual
Gender Dysphoria
people with this disorder persistently feel that they have been assigned to the wrong biological sex
Paranoid Personality Disorder
A pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others such that their motives are interpreted as malevolent
Schizoid Personality Disorder
This disorder is characterized by persistent avoidance of social relationships and limited emotional expression
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
This disorder is characterized by a range of interpersonal problems, marked by extreme discomfort in close relationships, odd (even bizarre) ways of thinking, and behavioral eccentricities
Anti-Social Personality Disorder
Sometimes described as “psychopaths” or “sociopaths,” people with antisocial personality disorder persistently
disregard and violate others’ rights
- Deceitful and manipulative, may be charming
- Lack of remorse
Borderline Personality Disorder
People with this disorder display great instability, including major shifts in mood, an unstable self-image, and impulsivity
Histrionic Personality Disorder
People with histrionic personality disorder are extremely emotional and continually seek to be the center of attention
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
- People with this PD are typically convinced of their own great success, power, or beauty, they expect constant attention and admiration from those around them (unlike histrionic they only want POSITIVE attention)
- People with this disorder exaggerate their achievements and talents, and often appear arrogant (example: client telling me of his need for an extremely intelligent therapist)
Avoidant Personality Disorder
People with avoidant personality disorder are: • very uncomfortable and inhibited in social situations
• overwhelmed by feelings of inadequacy, and •extremely sensitive to negative evaluation
Dependent Personality Disorder
ople with dependent personality disorder have a pervasive, excessive need to be taken care of
OCPD
People with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder are so preoccupied with order, perfection, and control that they lose all flexibility, openness, and efficiency
They set unreasonably high standards for themselves and others and, fearing a mistake, may be afraid to
make decisions
•Never satisfied with their work (“It could have been better”)
Differences of OCD and OCPD
Different from OCD. Key Difference: those with OC
Personality Disorder do NOT have obsessions and/or compulsion
Substance Use Disorders
pattern of maladaptive behaviors and reactions brought about by repeated use of a substance, sometimes also including tolerance for the substance and withdrawal reaction
Tolerance
the adjustment that the brain and the body make to the regular use of certain drugs so that ever larger doses are needed to achieve the earlier effects
Withdrawal
Unpleasant, sometimes dangerous reactions that may occur when people who use a drug regularly stop taking or reduce their dosage of the drug (cramps, anxiety attacks, sweating, nausea
Aversion Therapy: Behavioral Approach
Individuals are repeatedly presented with an unpleasant stimulus at the very moment they are taking a drug (ex: electric shock)
•After repeated pairings, they are expected to react negatively to the substance itself and to lose their craving for it
•(Same concept as placing something that tastes bad on fingernails to stop biting them)
Relapse Prevention Training
• Clients are taught to plan ahead for drinking situations • Identify high-risk situations • Appreciate the range of decisions/options they have in these
situations
• Used particularly to treat alcohol use; also used to treat cocaine and marijuana abuse
• Some particular strategies used: 1. Therapists have clients keep track of their drinking behavior 2. Teach clients copies strategies to use in tough situations
(assertiveness skills)
3. Teach clients to plan ahead of time (decide how many drinks are ok in advance)
Drug Maintenance Therapy
• Methadone maintenance programs are designed
to provide a safe substitute for heroin
• Methadone is a laboratory opioid with a long half-life, taken orally once a day
• Programs were roundly criticized as “substituting addictions
Paraphilia’s
People with paraphilic disorders have repeated and intense sexual urges or fantasies in response to objects or situations that fall outside of sexual norms
Fetish Disorder
One relatively common example is fetishistic disorder: disorder consisting of recurrent and intense sexual urges, fantasies, or behaviors that involve the use of a nonliving object or nongenital part, often to the exclusion of all other stimuli
Transvestic Disorder
transvestic disorder features recurrent sexual arousal from dressing in clothes of the opposite sex (this is very different from transgender individuals who do not get sexually aroused by the way that they dress, but rather they dress to match their identity)
Exhibitionistic Disorder
A person with exhibitionistic disorder experiences recurrent sexual arousal from exposing his/her genitals to an unsuspecting individual
Voyeuristic Disorder
Over a period of 6 months, recurrent and intense sexual arousal from observing an unsuspecting person who is naked, in process of disrobing, or engaging in sexual activity, as manifested by fantasies, urges, or behaviors
Frotteurisitic Disorder
Experiences repeated sexual arousal from touching or rubbing against a nonconsenting person
Pedophilic Disorder
Experiences equal or greater sexual arousal from prepubescent (before puberty) or early pubescent children than from physically mature persons
• (This is obviously a form of child abuse)
Sexual Sadism Disorder
person (typically male) (may be acted out by dominating, restraining, blindfolding, strangling or even killing the victim)
MASOCHISM
MASOCHISM AND SADISM
DSM criteria Sexual Masochism:
A. Over 6 months, recurrent and intense sexual arousal from the act of being humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer, as manifested by
fantasies, urges, or behaviors
B. The fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors cause clinically significant distress
or impairment
Aversion Therapy in Philias
(similar to what was discussed in sub use disorder chapter) an electric shock or other negative consequence is administered while the person imagines their object of desire
Masturbatory satiation therapy
Masturbatory satiation: (point here is to link boredom with the fantasy)client instructed to masturbate to orgasm while fantasizing about a sexually appropriate object, then switches to fantasize in detail about fetishistic object while masturbating again and continues the fetishistic fantasy for an hour. The idea is that boredom will result and boredom will then become linked with the fetishistic object
Orgasmic Reorientation
.Orgasmic reorientation: teaches individuals to respond to more appropriate sources of sexual stimulation. For example, person with a shoe fetish is allowed to be initially aroused by shoes, but is then instructed to masturbate to a picture of a nude woman. Sexual pleasure and orgasm is eventually associated with the conventional object rather than the fetishistic one
Schizophrenia
a type of psychosis/psychotic disorder in
which personal, social, occupational functioning deteriorate as a result of strange perceptions, unusual emotions, and motor abnormalities
institutionalization
Bad, locked them up in rooms
Many patients not only failed to improve under these
conditions but developed additional symptoms, apparently as a result of the institutionalization itself
Medication and Schizophrenia
drugs appear to be more effective than (anti Psychotic)
any other approach (such as therapy or ECT) used alone
Community Approach
The community approach is the broadest approach for
the treatment of schizophrenia
Ipatients should be able to receive care within
their own communities
This Act led to massive deinstitutionalization of patients with
schizophrenia
Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia
O Positive symptoms include:
A. Delusions –false beliefs/faulty interpretations of reality
O Delusions may have a variety of bizarre
content: being controlled by others; persecution; grandeur
B. Hallucinations – sensory perceptions that
occur in the absence of external stimuli
Hallucinations can involve any of the other senses:
tactile, visual, gustatory (taste), or olfactory (smell)
Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia
O Negative symptoms include:
A. Poverty of speech–alogia
O Talking less or reduction in speech content O Long lapses before responding to questions, or
failure to answer
B. Blunted and flat affect – show _____ ______than most people
Examples of negative symptoms
C. Avoilition: Loss of _________ and goal-directed activity
D. Social withdrawal
O May withdraw from social environment and
attend only to their own ideas and _________
O Seems to lead to a breakdown of social skills
Biological View of Schizophrenia
Biological Views
O Genetic factors
O Genetic factors may lead to the development
of schizophrenia through two kinds of
(potentially inherited) biological abnormalities:
1. Biochemical abnormalities 2. Abnormal brain structure
Social View of developing Schizophrenia
O Sociocultural theorists believe
that three main social forces contribute to schizophrenia:
O Multicultural factors O Social labeling O Family dysfunction
Social Anxiety Disorder in children
Social anxiety disorder: marked by fears of embarrassing oneself in front of others
Separation Anxiety Disorder in children
Marked by excessive anxiety, even panic, whenever the child is separated from home or parent
- These children often refuse to visit friends’ houses, go on errands, or attend camp or school
- Refusal to go to school is due to anxiety about being away from parents and home, not because of social or academic fears (this would be considered a school phobia)
- Some have temper tantrums to keep parents from leaving them
Play Therapy
An approach to treating childhood disorders that helps children express their conflicts and feelings indirectly by drawing, playing with
toys, and making up stories
Major Depressive Disorder in children
Depression in the young may be triggered by negative life events (particularly losses), major changes, rejection, or ongoing abuse
Several factors have been suggested, including hormonal changes and increased emotional investment in social and
intimate relationships
Another factor that has received attention is teenage girls’ growing dissatisfaction with their bodies
Treating Major Depressive Disorder in children
Combo of antidepressants and CBT most helpful for teens
Antidepressants alone next best CBT alone hardly more helpful than placebo
Mood disorders & Bi polar in children
CHILDHOOD MOOD DISORDERS
Bipolar Disorder
The DSM-5 task force concluded that the label had been overapplied and to help rectify the problem created a new diagnosis known as “disruptive mood dysregulation disorder”
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder: Childhood disorder marked by severe recurrent temper outbursts along with a persistent irritable or angry mood
Severe patterns of rage Outbursts must occur 3 or more times per week for at least one year
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Oppositional defiant disorder: a childhood disorder in which children argue repeatedly with adults, are defiant, angry and irritable, and in some cases, vindictive
Ignore rules
They may try to annoy people, and blame others for their mistakes and problems
Conduct Disorder in children
Conduct disorder: childhood disorder in which a child repeatedly violates the basic rights of others, displaying aggression and sometimes destroying others’ property, stealing or running away from home
Many steal from, threaten, or harm their victims, committing such crimes as shoplifting, vandalism, mugging, and armed robbery
A more severe problem than ODD
How to treat Conduct disorder
Family therapy
Elimination Disorder
Children with elimination disorders repeatedly urinate or pass feces in their clothes, in bed, or on the floor
ENURESIS: bed wetting
the other one is pooping
Autism Spectrum Disorders
Children with this disorder:
• are extremely unresponsive to others (lack of eye contact). This is considered the central feature of autism
•Uncommunicative (half never speak) •May have speech impairments. E.g. “echolalia”
•Highly repetitive and rigid behaviors, interests, and activities
•This can include motor movements such as self-stimulatory
behaviors (vibrating lips, touching certain things)
how to treat autism
Behavioral approaches have been used in cases of autism to teach new, appropriate behaviors – including speech, social skills, classroom skills, and self-help skills – while reducing negative behaviors
