Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Immuno Block 1 > Ab diversity/B cell development > Flashcards

Ab diversity/B cell development Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary effector function of B cells?

A

produce antigen specific Abs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where are B cells produced? Where do they mature? From what are they derived from?

A

produced in bone marrow

mature in bone marrow

derived from common lymphoid progenitor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe mature naive B cells. What is the most important feature of the naive B cells?

A

they bear recprots on their surface that can potentially bind to a specific antigen

each Ig produced by any one B cell all have the same antigen speificity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What must occur for a B cell to be activated to proliferate and differentiate into either plasma or memory cells?

A

BCR encounter and bind to their specific antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a terminally differentiated B cell whose primary function is to produce antibodies?

A

plasma cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the difference in IgG and IgA plasma cells

A

IgG producing plasma cells migrate to bone marrow

IgA producers migrate to lamina propria of mucosal surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a long lived antigen specific B cell that results from antigenic stimulationof a naive B cell during the primary immune response?

A

memory B cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Upon subsequent exposure to specific antigen, memory B cells do what?

A

reactivated to differentiate into plasma cells as a component of a secondary immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe somatic recombination

A

immune system produces an enormous number of B cells daily, and most of them produce Ig that have unique specificity that gives rise to a repertoire of B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the antibody repertoire? How is it created?

A

complete collection of antibody specificites available within an individual

somatic recombination of Ig genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What type of event is teh rearrangement of LC and HC genes?

A

antigen-independent developmental event

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What region differs in Ab molecules?

A

V regions of LC and HC of Ab

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

T/F germline form of LC genes (kappa and lambda) and HC genes consist of the same genetic block

A

False, they consist of different genetic blocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In the LC genes, what gene segments combine to create the variable region? The variable region is associated with what region that forms the complete LC gene?

A

variable (V) and joining (J) gene segments create the variable region

variable region is associated with constant (C) region forming the LC gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

HC germline genes consist of what gene segments that encode the variable region and combine with a constant(C) region gene?

A

variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why is the leader sequence important in the organization of Ig LC and HC genes? What is the leader sequence for LC and HC?

A

imortant bc it directs the proteins into the cells secretory pathway following translation

lambda LC=> VJ, C

kappa LC => VJ, C

HC => VDJ, C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

When and where does somatic recombination (variable region rearrangement) occur? Are these dependent or independent rxns?

A

rearrangements that take place are random and occur during B cell ontogeny in the bone marrow

totally independent of interaction of the developing B cell with antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe the steps of LC gene construction

A
  1. random rearrangement of single V w/ a single J to form a continuous piece of DNA that encodes entire variable region of LC
  2. C is adjacent to J but separated from VJ junction by non-coding (intronic) DNA sequence,
  3. RNA processing following transcription of rearragned DNA brings VJ jxn together with C to create complete coding region for LC
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe the steps of HC gene construction

A
  1. random rearrangment of single D with single J to form DJ jxn
  2. random rearrangement of single V with DJ jxn to form complete DNA sequence that encodes the variable domain of HC
  3. C is adjacent to J but separated from VDJ jxn by non-coding (intronic) DNA sequence
  4. RNA processing following transcription of rearranged DNA brings VDJ jxn together with C gene segment to create complete coding region for HC
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe how the joining of gene segments adds diversity to the variable region

A

joining of gene segments is not precise and consequently generates added didversity of recombined V region coding sequence

the gaps that are created are filled by random addition of nucletides so different codons result

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

T/F once the V region genes have rearranged then no further rearrangement of that chromosome can take place

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Once somatic recombination occurs, all progeny of that B cell will express the same ___region genes. Where can the only change in the variable region genes of that B cell arise from?

A

V region genes

somatic hypermutation (affinity maturation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

***What are the 3 main processes (assoc. w/ gene segment recombination) that help to generate Ab diversity?*** When do each of these mechanisms occur?

A
  1. different pairing of many gene segments to form the variable domains of both the LC and HC
  2. imprecise joining of gene segments during somatic recombination process
  3. different pairing of many possible LC with many possible HC that can be produced

each of these occur during initial development of the B cell in the bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The 2 copies of a gene on a pair of chromosomes are called what?

A

alleles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is a process by which the protein from only one allele is expressed while other allele(s) are silenced? When is this observed mostly?

A

allelic exclusion

observed in genes for cell surface receptors such as B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Describe allelic exclusion wrt to B cells

A

in B cells, successful HC gene rearrangement on 1 chromosome results in shutting down rearrangement on 2nd chromosome

If no successful rearrangement occurs, then rearrangement takes place on the 2nd chromosome

If no successful rearrangement occurs on either chromosome then the cell dies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the result of allelic exclusion?

A

all the antigen receptors on an individual lymphocyte will have the same AA sequence in the variable domains of LC and HC proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the term for a single nucleotide substitutions (point mutations) that occur at very high frequency in the rearragned variable region DNA of Ig genes?

A

Somatic hypermutation

29
Q

What process occurs in activated B cells during a germinal center rxn and results in production of variant Abs, some of whcih have higher affinity for the antigen?

A

somatic hypermutation

30
Q

What process results in Ab populations that have increasing affinity for specific antigen?

A

affinity maturation

31
Q

Where are most of the point mutations confined to?

A

complementarity determining regions (CDR) also called the hypervariable region (HV)

32
Q

T/F somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation are both an antigen-dependent process

A

true

33
Q

T/F Isotype switching (or class switching) is an antigen dependent process

A
34
Q

During isotype switching, V-region exons produced by any given B cell are determined during what?

A

pro- and pre- B cell stage of maturation

35
Q

Except for somatic hypermutation, a B cell and all of its progeny will express the type of what genes? Which genes can change as the response matures?

A

both V genes of LC and HC

C(hc) genes expressed by a B cell line can change as the response matures

36
Q

What Ig does each B cell initially produce?

A

IgM

37
Q

Describe the B cell as it matures from the initial production of IgM

A

same V region exons can be expressed with different C(hc) gene resulting in either IgG, IgE, or IgA Abs with same specificity as the initial IgM (w/o affinity maturation)

38
Q

T/F isotype switching to IgD does not occur

A

true

39
Q

Isotype switch can only occur after B cells have been what?

A

after B cells are stimulated by antigen and hav received T cell help in form of cytokine signals

40
Q

Cytokine signals produced by what type of cells (be specific) promote class switching to a particular Ab isotype? How does it affect the B cell?

A

T helper cells (Th1 or Th2)

causes the B cell to switch to the most appropriate HC

41
Q

***Although class switching does not affect the antigen-combining region of the Ab molecule, it leads to something else. What is it and how is it done?***

A

It leads to functional diveristy of hte antibody repertoire by producing different isotypes of Ab that have the same specificity as the parental B cell

42
Q

As isotype swtiching occurs, the recombination event permanently removes what?

A

the intervening DNA sequence so further isotype switching to a C(hc) gene that has been removed is impossible

43
Q

Where does the switch region of the B cell lie?

A

in introns between V region exon and Cu gene

and at equivalent sites upstream of C genes that encode other HC isotypes and catalyzed by switch recombinase

44
Q

Once switching from the IgM of the C region to the IgA-1 C region then further switching can only occur where?

A

switching can only occur to C(hc) genes downstream to the igA-1 C region can occur so IgG-3 C region cannot be switched to

45
Q

B cell development can be divided into 6 broad phases. what are they?

A
  1. expression of surface receptor molecules (Igs); rearrangement of LC and HC must occur
  2. (-) selection in bone marrow to remove B cells bearing receptors that bind “self”
  3. (+) selection of developing B cells continue to develop into mature B cells
  4. search for infection as mature B cells recirculate bw lymphoid tissue until activated
  5. activation and proliferation of B cells upon encounter with cognate antigen
  6. proliferating B cells differentiate givign rise to plasma and memory cells
46
Q

What are the 2 stages B cell maturation?

A

antigen independent and antigen dependent

47
Q

Describe the antigen independent development of B cells in its 4 phases

A
  1. Pro-B cell=>earliest B cell w/ rearrangement of HC Ig gene (in bone marrow)
  2. Pre-B cell=> productive VDJ is comple and IgM is express on B cell surface; LC rearrangement begins (in bone marrow)
  3. immature B cell=> LC rearrangment complete & IgM expressed then undergoes self tolerance selection 1. Clonal deletion, 2. Anergy
  4. mature b cell =>survive self tolerance differentiate to become mature B cells so IgM and IgD expressed on surface and are recirculated through peripheral lymphoid tissues
48
Q

What is the term when immature B cells specifically interact with multivalent “self” antigens in the bone marrow undergo apoptosis and thus depleted from B cell population. when this occurs, what is the term for this?

A

clonal deletion

depleted from B cell population is negative selection

49
Q

What is the term when immature B cells specifically interact with soluble antigen in bone marrow and signaled to down-regulate cell surface expression of IgM thus leaving the B cell unable to respond to specific antigen?

A

Anergy (unable to respond to specific antigen

50
Q

What are the 2 ways in which negative selection occurs to further mature the B cell?

A
  1. B cells that undergo apoptosis due to interaction with self antigen
  2. B cells that interact with soluble antigen then signaled to down regulate cell surface expression of IgM so they do not survive very long
51
Q

B cell development in the bone marrow is dependent on what?

A

non-lymphoidal stromal cells which provide specialized micro-environments for B cells at various stages of development

52
Q

What are the 2 functions of stromal cells?

A
  1. make specific cell-surface contact with B cells through interactions between adhesion molecules
  2. produce growth factors that are essential survival signals for B cells (stem cell factor and IL-7)
53
Q

What happens if a B cell precursor does not productively rearrange both its HC and LC and express IgM on its surface?

A

it will die

54
Q

Somatic recombination is dependent on activity of 2 enzymes encoded by recombination activation genes (RAG1, RAG2). What are these proteins responsible for?

A

responsible for making double stranded breaks in DNA during somatic recombination

deficiency will cause profound immunodeficiency

55
Q

During the maturation of B cells, what enzyme catalyzes the addition of N nucleotides at the jxns between rearranging gene segments? (critical process)

A

terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)

56
Q

What enzyme is involved in the transduction of signals from cell-surface receptors during B cell development?

A

Bruton’s thymidine kinase (Btk)

57
Q

What happens to individuals that do not have a functional Btk gene?

A

little or no circulating Ab bc B cell development halts at the pre-B cell stage

58
Q

Btk gene is encoded on what chromosome and a deficiency is linked to what disease?

A

encoded on X chromosome

deficiency is known as X linked agammaglobulinemia

59
Q

How does negative selection of self reactive B cells work?

A

once HC and LC are expressed and IgM is displayed on surface of cells, negative selection occurs

  • B cells binding to self cell surface molecules undergo clonal deletion
  • B cells binding to soluble self antigens are anergic and die
  • B cells that do not bind to self then migrate to periphery to continue maturation process and become mature naive B cells
60
Q

What process is taking place when the germinal center B cells proliferate vigorously and their variable region genes undergo somatic mutations

A

affinity maturation

61
Q

How do B cells receive signals from helper T cells?

A

helper T cells encounter the peptide:MHC complex to produce cytokines and CD40 ligand which together trigger B cells to proliferate and differentiate into either memory or plasma cells

62
Q

The BCR has 2 functions. What are they and describe them?

A
  1. Serves as receptor for specific antigen=> delivers 1st activation signal to B cell following interaction iwth specific antigen
  2. receptor mediated endocytosis=> surface Ig delivers specific antigen to interior of B cell where it’s degraded and then displayed on B cell in association with MHC class II which is termed antigen presentation
63
Q

What are proteins made by cells that affect the behavior of other cells which bind to specific receptor moleucles on their target cells? What produces these proteins?

A

lymphokines or cytokines are produced by lymphocytes

64
Q

What is required for class switching? What influences class switching?

A

CD40L is required so class switching does not occur in individuals not expressing CD40L

cytokines produced by helper T cells influence class switching

65
Q

T/F somatic hypermuttion only occurs following activatino of an antigen-specific B cell

A

true

66
Q

Describe positive selection of mature B cells

A

results: higher affinity Ab production leads to immune response that becomes increasingly more effective over the course of immune response (affinity maturation)

somatic mutation result in production of B cells bear BCR that have higher affinity for cognate antigen and stimulated to continue proliferating and ultimately become predominant clone of B cells specific for antigen

67
Q

How are Ab molecules directed to insert into membrane or be secreted?

A

Large quantities of IgM are produced then they can class switch to produce other isotypes of Ab on their surface

transmembrane domains anchors the Ab molecule into the membrane

secreted form of Ab lack transmembrane domain and has secretory tail at carboxyterminal end of each HC

68
Q

Production of membrane bound and secreted forms of Abs is achieved by what?

A

alternative RNA processing

Immuno Block 1 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions