AAMC Test 5 Corrections Flashcards
Equation: Free energy change in a reaction
∆G(rxn) = ∆Gf(products) - ∆Gf(reactants)
∆Gf
free energy of formation
multiply ∆Gf for each species by the number of moles of that species in the net reaction
a rxn diagram will always show an initial ______ in energy as the activation energy is reached; E decreases as stable products are formed
increase
Equation: Hess’s Law (∆S)
S(rxn) = S(products) - S(reactants)
Absolute entropy values (S)
specific entropy value for a species
multiply by number of moles of that species present in net reaction to use in Hess’s law
Extensive quantity: depends on the amount of material (i.e. number of moles)
Formation of 3 moles of a simple gas from 2 moles of a complex gas causes S (entropy) to ______
Increase; 2 moles reacted to form 3 moles–increases randomness / disorder
Radicals are recycled, so they act as _______ and can be used in the next rxn to produce much product.
catalysts
One mole of Ideal Gas at STP will occupy _______ L.
22.4 Liters
Equation: Speed of a wave
v = frequency * wavelength
Equation: frequency (wave)
f = 1 / sec (1 / x seconds) (cycles / second)
wavelength is measured between adjacent
peak to peak or trough to trough; if measured peak-trough = 1/2 * wavelength
Equation: Circumference of a circle
C = 2 * pi * r
Equation: Equilibrium constant / Acid Dissociation constant (Ka)
Ka = [A-][H+] / [HA]
Note: Constant value, so ratio of conjugate base/ weak acid is FIXED
Equation: Acid dissociation constant (pKa)
pKa = -log10 * Ka
Equation: Henderson-Hasselback Equation to find pH
pH = pKa + log ([conjugate base] / [weak acid])
Find the number of atoms after (n) half lives
2^n (n = number of half lives) * current number of atoms in sample
Equation: Average Kinetic Energy
K.E.(avg) = m * v^2 / 2
Equation: Energy of a photon
E(photon) = h * c / wavelength
Do not expect a _______ rxn w/ neutral NaCl. Will likely be displacement rxn instead.
Redox
Oxidation state of Cd if it is reacted w/ S?
S is in the same column in the periodic table as Oxygen, so expect it to have oxidation state of -2. For CdS to be neutral, Cd must have 2+ oxidation state to balance out Sulfur.
Most likely gas to be let off when Cu placed in HNO3?
NO(g); Redox rxn where Cu is oxidized (loses electrons) and N is reduced (gains electrons).
In the reaction b/w HNO3 and Cu, nitric acid is the _____
oxidizing agent (and is reduced)
In the reaction b/w HNO3 and Cu, Cu is _______
reducing agent (and is oxidized)
A more electronegative atom will undergo ________ more readily.
Reduction (gain of electrons)
Boiling point is a _______, meaning it depends only on the number of solute particles, NOT the type of particles in the solute.
Colligative
When Cu is placed in AgNO3, a metal is formed on the copper b/c it is….
Oxidized and Ag+ is reduced. Cu is oxidized (loses electrons) to form Cu+2. Neutral Cu (a metal) won’t gain electrons (be reduced) bc it is more prone to lose electrons to form + cations
∆S for the sublimation of iodine: I2(s) —-> I2(g)
∆S > 0 (increase in entropy); gas is less ordered (more random) than a solid
phase change from solid to gas
Sublimation
measure of disorder
increases w/ value of S
entropy; ∆S
+∆S
increase in entropy / randomness
-∆S
decrease in entropy / randomness
map of pressure and temperature conditions under which individual phases are stable / where phase changes will occur
phase diagram
trace increase in pressure at constant temperature by moving ______ from the starting point on a phase diagram
vertically
line on a phase diagram indication where vapor and solid phases meet and are at equilibrium
sublimation line
line on a phase diagram where solid-liquid phases meet and are at equilibrium
solid-liquid line; melting point
What is the motion of a - charged particle when placed near a fixed +Q?
the - charged particle ACCELERATES toward + charge (Coulomb force b/w unlike charges causes neg particle to accelerate toward positive particle; does not more w/ constant speed)
why do some compounds lose weight when heated from 20º to 700ºC?
volatile components are released. Increase in temperature will increase vapor pressure of volatile (reactive) components. If Temp gets high enough, volatile components will vaporize and mass will go down
Elements in the same ______ in the periodic table will show the greatest similarity in reactivity
group (column)
Equation: Energy lost to friction when an item moves down an incline plane
E lost to F(f) = F * d (over when Force acts)
Equation: Coefficient of Friction:
Coefficient of Friction = F(f) / F(n)
Equation: F(n) on a level surface
F(n) = m * g
Note: g = 10 m/s^2
If the initial height of an incline is reduced by 1/2, how is speed affected?
speed decreases by a factor of √2; If the object experiences no friction when moving down the hill, set P.E. = mgh equal to K.E. = (m * v^2) / 2.
Set the ratio of the speed at the bottom of the hill from h2/h1 and take √.
What is the distance b/w adjacent nodes in a standing wave pattern?
distance = wavelength / 2.
A half wavelength has a node at each end. Spacing b/w nodes is wavelength/2 when both sides are either nodes or antinodes
Equation: wavelength (lambda max)
wavelength = c / f
Equation: Buoyant force
F(b) = (density of the liquid) * (volume displaced by object) * g
Equation: specific gravity
S.G. = ratio of certain density / density of H2O
What happens if acidity of saturated sol’n of Ca(OH)2 is increased?
Ksp is unchanged (solubility constant) and additional Ca(OH)2 will dissolve.
If acidity is increased, H+ will react w/ OH- present from dissolved solid in a neutralizing rxn. Removing OH- will shift equilibrium to the R (forward) to balance loss of product.
solution that contains as much of a dissolved solid as can be dissolved at that temperature
saturated sol’n
the value of the equilibrium constant is _____ by other species
unaffected
only the _____ will change ∆K(eq) for a sol’n rxn
temperature
a nearsighted person, the image of a distant object is focused _______ the retina, requiring ________ lens correction.
in front of the retina, divergent lens corrected
a person who cannot see far away. Focal length is _____ than it should be.
near sighted; shorter focal length
what type of lens corrects near-sightedness?
divergent lens
what type of lens corrects far-sightedness?
converging lens
Fastest way to counteract the effect of a noncompetitive inhibitor?
INcrease metabolism rate and elimination from the body. Altering concentration of other substances won’t affect non-competitive inhibition
type of inhibitor; often a poison; attaches to effector molecule and alters its function; only way to stop inhibition is to eliminate from body
noncompetitive inhibitor
which organelle will be abnormal in an animal w/ an autosomal recessive, nonlethal mutation (deletion) of Ach receptor gene?
Plasma membrane. ACh releases from presynaptic vesicle, crosses the synapse, and stimulates specific receptors in the plasma membrane
Why is glycine a dipolar ion in aqueous sol’n?
Glycine has a high dipole moment
_______ in neutral molecules is due to an uneven distribution of electron density or can be caused by separation of like charges.
Polarity
Substances (molecules) w/ strong electron-withdrawing or electron-donating groups are high _______ with strong ______
polar; dipole moments
What recombinant process depends on F factor plasmids?
Conjugation (1 way bacteria exchange genes)
3 ways in which bacteria exchange genes
Conjugation, Transformation, and Transduction
1 bacterium produces a sex pilus and transfers DNA through it to another bacterium. Needs genes for sex pilus; genes located on a plasmid; requires fertility (F) factor plasmid
char. of gram negative bacteria
conjugation
way in which bacteria exchange genes
bacteria take up DNA from its surroundings
transformation
way in which bacteria exchange genes
genes transferred via a virus
transduction
not specific to nacteria; general term to describe movement
Ex: genes on chromosome, proteins in a cell, sap in a tree
translocation
what is the compound formed by replacing the O between the two carbonyl groups in acetic anhydride w/ an NG group?
Imide. (R-CO-NH-CO-R)
Hydrolysis of acetic anhydride can be reversed by:
acidification followed by heating
the first step in the reaction mechanism breaking acetic anhydride into amide and COOH
Attack carbonyl C by lone pair electrons on Nitrogen on amino group
Nucleophilic attack by N(R-NH2) push electrons up to form O-
aniline and benzylamine are both ______ amines
primary; both structures are R-NH2
contraction of the diaphragm results in….
more negative IPP and inspiration
diaphragm flattens when it contracts during inspiration and the volume of thoracic cavity increases.
increased volume reduces pressure (IPP) in pleural cavity b/w thoracic wall and lung; air flows in to equalize pressure and inflates the lung
air flows into pleural cavity to restore equilibrium during negative gauge pressure
inspiration
the left ventricular wall is _______ compared to the right ventricular wall and generates ______ pressure when it contracts.
thicker
generates higher pressure
pumps blood from heart to rest of the body, thicker wall pumps w higher pressure
the right ventricular wall is _______ and generates ______ pressure when it contracts. This is because it pumps blood to the _____.
thinner
lower pressure
pumps blood from the heart to the lungs
if an artery that supplies blood to the lung was blocked but ventilation was ok, how would alveolar partial pressures change?
P(O2) would increase and P(CO2) would decrease. There would be no hemoglobin-rich RBCs to take away O2 and no influx of CO2 from blood.
Do all arthopods have to have a true Coelom because they have a nervous system?
No, coelom development is completely independent of nerve tissue development.
A coelom (body cavity) forms as pouches in the _______.
Mesoderm
The vertebrate central nervous system is formed from the _____.
Ectoderm
An uncharged N always has _____ bonds.
three
T/F: Virions are obligate parasites
True. Virions cannot reproduce without host cell’s metabolic machinery
What media would be used to grow virions in the lab?
a tissue culture; Virions needs intracellular machinery of a host cell to divide / survive.
Nutrient baths / suspensions will not support virions.
A microbe pathogen would be suspected to be the agent of disease if….
the disease is infectious.
