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MCAT FL Reviews > AAMC FL2 Pysch/Soc Missed Concepts > Flashcards

AAMC FL2 Pysch/Soc Missed Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

Pyschology

Fixed Ratio

A

reinforcement occurs after a fixed number of responses

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2
Q

Psychology

Variable Ratio

A

Reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses

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3
Q

Pyschology

Fixed Interval

A

An exact amount of time passes between each reinforcement

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4
Q

Psychology

Variable Interval

A

a varying amount of time passes between each reinforcement

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5
Q

Sociology

Conflict Theory

A
  • competition among social groups, including generational conflict
  • a way of studying society by focusing on inequality between different groups and sees social life as a competition and focuses on the distrubution of resources and power between these groups
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6
Q

Sociology

What factors are conflict theorist most likely to consider

A

generational status
political power
resource allocation

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7
Q

Sociology

Dependency Ratio

A

ratio of the number of economically dependent members of the population to the number of economically productive memebers

economically dependent = too youn or too old to work
economically productive = working-age population

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8
Q

Sociology

Life Course Theory

A

a research perspective in social epidemiology in which earlier life experiences are thought to affect later health outcomes

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9
Q

Sociology

Linguistic relativity hypothesis

A

human cognition is affected by language

the structure of a language influences the way its speakers conceptualize the world

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10
Q

Sociology

Source monitoring errors

A

type of memory error where a specific recollected experience is incorrectly determine to be the source of a memory

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11
Q

Pyschology

Conversion disorder

A

condition in which a persion experiences physical and sensory problems, such as paralysis, numbness, blindness, deafness or seizures, with no underlying neurological pathology

Ex) Devi from Never Have I Ever

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12
Q

Psychology

Retrograde Amnesia

A

amnesia where you can’t recall memories that were formed before the event that cause the amnesia

usually recent stored past memories

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13
Q

Pyschology

Dissociative Disorder

A

selectively forgetting distracting elements of his/her life

experiencing a disconnection and lack of continutiy between thoughts, memories, surroundings, actions, and identity

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14
Q

Pyschology

Classical Conditioning

A

behaviors are learned by connecting a neutral stimulus with a positive one

pavlov’s

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15
Q

Psychology

Operant Conditioning

A

changes in behavior due to past outcomes

a method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior

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16
Q

Psychology

Latent Learning

A

a form of learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt response
occurs without any obvious reinforcement of the behavior or associations that are learned

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17
Q

Psychology

Observational Learning

A

modeling or social learning occurs by observing, replicating behaviors seen in others

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18
Q

Sociology

Meritocracy

A

opportunity is based on a combination of talent and effort

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19
Q

Psychology

Socialization

A

process by which the new generation learns the knowledge, attitudes and values that they will need as productive citizens

agents: family, peers, religion, government, media, work, ethnic background, club/social groups, school

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20
Q

Sociology

Social Identity

A

self-categorization in relation to their group memberships

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21
Q

Social Identity

Cultural Capital

A

the values, knowledge, skills, and ideas that are valued in a given culture, society, or social group

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22
Q

Sociology

Absolute Poverty

A

being poor such that your basic needs are not met

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23
Q

Sociology

Relative Poverty

A

being poor compared to most people around you

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24
Q

Sociology

Marginal Poverty

A

a state that occurs when a person lacks a stable employment

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25
Q

Sociology

Structural poverty

A

results from problems in society that lead to a lack of opportunity and lack of jobs

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26
Q

Sociology

Socioeconomic gradient in health

A
  • the graded relationship between social class and health
  • each “step” up on the hierarchy of social stratification tends to be associated with better health
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27
Q

Pyschology

Fundamental Attribution Errors

A
  • attributing other’s behaviors using internal characteristics as opposed to external factors
  • stressing the importance of dispositional factors in one’s explanations of other people’s behavior and underemphasizing situational factors
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28
Q

Psychology

Interference

A

the blocking of learning or of memory retrieval by the learning or remebering of other conflicting materials

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29
Q

Pyschology

Dissonance

A

when a person’s behavior and beliefs do not compliment each other or when they hold two contradictory beliefs causing a feeling of discomfort that motivates people to try to feel better

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30
Q

Pyschology

Modeling

A

purposely changing a behavior in order to improve your mindset and achieve your goals

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31
Q

Psychology

Schemas

A
  • cognitive framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information
  • patterns of thinking and behavior that people use to interpret the world
32
Q

Psychology

Primary Group

A

long term relationship/interaction

Ex) family and friends

33
Q

Psychology

Secondary Group

A

short-term relationship/interaction

Ex) classmates and collegues

34
Q

Psychology

In group

A

social groups to which an individual feels he or she belongs to

35
Q

Psychology

Out-group

A

a group that one does not belong to or identify with

36
Q

Psychology

Front Stage Self

A

encompasses the behavior a person performs in front of an audience, usually society

Ex) props, signs, give, give off

37
Q

Psychology

Backstage Self

A

persons are together, but no audience is present

ex) informal talk, relaxed role

38
Q

Psychology

What psychoactive drug has the lowest risk of dependence?

A

Hallucinogens

39
Q

Sociology

Racialization

A

When you ascribe racial identities to a group that doesn’t agree with that label

40
Q

Psychology

Social Loafing

A
  • the fact that people are more productive alone than in a group
  • individuals are less critical and less creative in groups
41
Q

Psychology

What are Piaget’s Cognitive Development Stages?

A
  1. sensorimotor
  2. preoperational
  3. concrete coperation
  4. formal operational
42
Q

Psychology

Piaget: Sensorimotor

A
  • 0-2 years
  • coordination of senses with motor responses, sensory curosity about the world
  • object permenance developed
43
Q

Psychology

Piagets: Preoperational

A
  • 2-7 years
  • Symbolic thinking
  • use of proper syntax and grammar to express concepts
  • immagination and intuition
  • complex/abstract thought = difficult
  • conservation is developed
44
Q

Psychology

Piagets: Concrete operational

A
  • 7-11 years old
  • concepts attached to concrete situations
  • time, space, and quantity are understood and can be applied, but not as independent concepts
45
Q

Psychology

Piagets: Formal Operational

A
  • 11 years old and older
  • Theoretical, hypothetical, and counterfactual thinking
  • abstract logic and reasoning
  • strategy and planning become possible
  • concepts learned in one context can be applied to another
46
Q

Pyschology

Thalamus

A

relay station for almost all information and goes ti the cortex

47
Q

Psychology

Cerebellum

A

maintains balance, posture, coordination, and fine motor skills

48
Q

Psychology

Amygdala

A

process emotions and fear learning

49
Q

Psychology

Medulla oblongata

A

controls body’s autonomic functions (heartbeat, breathing, digestion)

50
Q

Psychology

Erikson’s Pyschosocial Developement

A
  1. Trust vs. Mistrust (0 -1 yrs)
  2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (2- 3 yrs)
  3. Initiative vs. Guilt (4 - 6 yrs)
  4. Industry vs. Inferiority (7 - 12 yrs)
  5. Identity vs Role Confusion (13 -18)
  6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (early 20s)
  7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (late 20s - late 50s)
  8. Ego Identity vs. Despair (60+)
51
Q

Pyschology

Freud’s stages of development

A
  1. oral stage (0 - 12 months)
  2. anal stage (1 to 3 yrs)
  3. phallic stage (3 to 6 yrs)
  4. latency stage (7 -11 yrs)
  5. genital stage ( puberty +)
52
Q

Pyschology

oral stage

A
  • mouth, chewing, sucking
  • weaning
  • fixation: obsessive eating, smoking or drinking (alcoholism)
53
Q

anal stage

A
  • anus
  • toillet training
  • fixation: obsession with cleanliness, sexual anxiety
54
Q

phallic stage

A
  • genitals (masturbation)
  • indentifying with gender role models (odipus/electa complex)
  • fixation: difficulty with intimate relationships
55
Q

latency stage

A
  • no sexual forces
  • social interaction
  • no fixation
56
Q

genital

A
  • genitals (sexual intimacy)
  • intimate relationships productivity
  • fixation: low sexual interest/ no previous fixation = normal sexual motiviation
57
Q

Psychology

Hindsight bias

A

allows people to convinvce themselves after an event that they accurately predicted it before it happened

58
Q

Psychology

Self-serving bias

A

when we attribute positive events and successes to our own chracter or actions but blame negative results to external factors unrealted to our character

59
Q

Pyschology

Left hemisphere

A
  • speech
  • abstract thinking
60
Q

Psychology

Right hemisphere

A
  • image processing
  • spatial thinking
  • music perception
  • emotion processing
61
Q

Psychology

spreading activation

A
  • short-term memory
  • people organize their knowledge of the world based on their personal experience
62
Q

Psychology

emotional intelligence

A

the ability, capacity, or skill to percieve, assess, and manage the emotions of oneself, of others, and groups

63
Q

Psychology

Social intelligence

A
  • the ability to understand and manage men and women, boys, and girls
  • to act wisely in human relations
64
Q

Psychology

escape learning

A

type of negative reinforcement in which one distances themselves once they are presented with an undesirable stimulus or performs a behavior to stop that stimulus once it begins to occur

65
Q

Sociology

Structural Functionalism

A

macro theory that looks at how all strucutres or institutions in socitey work together

66
Q

Psychology

internal locus of control

A

believe that one can control their own fate

67
Q

Sociology

Hawthorne Effect

A

describes changes in research participants as a result of their awareness that they are being observed

68
Q

Sociology

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

individual’s internalization of a lable that leads to a fulfullment of that label

69
Q

Sociology

Impression managment

A

refers to individuals actively managing how they are percieved by others

70
Q

Sociology

Thomas Theorem

A

if an individual believes something to be real, then it is real in its consequences

71
Q

Sociology

Intergenerational Mobility

A

a child attains higher or lower status than their parents

72
Q

Sociology

Intragenerational Mobility

A

change in social status over a single lifetime

73
Q

Sociology

vertical mibility

A

movement of individuals or groups up or down from one socioeconomic level to another, often by changing jobs through marriage

74
Q

Sociology

Horizontal mobility

A

the movement from one position to another within the same social level

75
Q

Sociology

Exchange mobility

A

society is made up of classes that these classes maintain relatively static number of people

MCAT FL Reviews (5 decks)

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