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MCAT FL Reviews > AAMC FL2 Pysch/Soc Missed Concepts > Flashcards

AAMC FL2 Pysch/Soc Missed Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

Pyschology

Fixed Ratio

A

reinforcement occurs after a fixed number of responses

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2
Q

Psychology

Variable Ratio

A

Reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses

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3
Q

Pyschology

Fixed Interval

A

An exact amount of time passes between each reinforcement

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4
Q

Psychology

Variable Interval

A

a varying amount of time passes between each reinforcement

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5
Q

Sociology

Conflict Theory

A
  • competition among social groups, including generational conflict
  • a way of studying society by focusing on inequality between different groups and sees social life as a competition and focuses on the distrubution of resources and power between these groups
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6
Q

Sociology

What factors are conflict theorist most likely to consider

A

generational status
political power
resource allocation

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7
Q

Sociology

Dependency Ratio

A

ratio of the number of economically dependent members of the population to the number of economically productive memebers

economically dependent = too youn or too old to work
economically productive = working-age population

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8
Q

Sociology

Life Course Theory

A

a research perspective in social epidemiology in which earlier life experiences are thought to affect later health outcomes

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9
Q

Sociology

Linguistic relativity hypothesis

A

human cognition is affected by language

the structure of a language influences the way its speakers conceptualize the world

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10
Q

Sociology

Source monitoring errors

A

type of memory error where a specific recollected experience is incorrectly determine to be the source of a memory

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11
Q

Pyschology

Conversion disorder

A

condition in which a persion experiences physical and sensory problems, such as paralysis, numbness, blindness, deafness or seizures, with no underlying neurological pathology

Ex) Devi from Never Have I Ever

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12
Q

Psychology

Retrograde Amnesia

A

amnesia where you can’t recall memories that were formed before the event that cause the amnesia

usually recent stored past memories

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13
Q

Pyschology

Dissociative Disorder

A

selectively forgetting distracting elements of his/her life

experiencing a disconnection and lack of continutiy between thoughts, memories, surroundings, actions, and identity

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14
Q

Pyschology

Classical Conditioning

A

behaviors are learned by connecting a neutral stimulus with a positive one

pavlov’s

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15
Q

Psychology

Operant Conditioning

A

changes in behavior due to past outcomes

a method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior

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16
Q

Psychology

Latent Learning

A

a form of learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt response
occurs without any obvious reinforcement of the behavior or associations that are learned

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17
Q

Psychology

Observational Learning

A

modeling or social learning occurs by observing, replicating behaviors seen in others

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18
Q

Sociology

Meritocracy

A

opportunity is based on a combination of talent and effort

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19
Q

Psychology

Socialization

A

process by which the new generation learns the knowledge, attitudes and values that they will need as productive citizens

agents: family, peers, religion, government, media, work, ethnic background, club/social groups, school

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20
Q

Sociology

Social Identity

A

self-categorization in relation to their group memberships

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21
Q

Social Identity

Cultural Capital

A

the values, knowledge, skills, and ideas that are valued in a given culture, society, or social group

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22
Q

Sociology

Absolute Poverty

A

being poor such that your basic needs are not met

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23
Q

Sociology

Relative Poverty

A

being poor compared to most people around you

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24
Q

Sociology

Marginal Poverty

A

a state that occurs when a person lacks a stable employment

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25
# Sociology Structural poverty
results from problems in society that lead to a lack of opportunity and lack of jobs
26
# Sociology Socioeconomic gradient in health
* the graded relationship between social class and health * each "step" up on the hierarchy of social stratification tends to be associated with better health
27
# Pyschology Fundamental Attribution Errors
* attributing other's behaviors using internal characteristics as opposed to external factors * stressing the importance of dispositional factors in one's explanations of other people's behavior and underemphasizing situational factors
28
# Psychology Interference
the blocking of learning or of memory retrieval by the learning or remebering of other conflicting materials
29
# Pyschology Dissonance
when a person's behavior and beliefs do not compliment each other or when they hold two contradictory beliefs causing a feeling of discomfort that motivates people to try to feel better
30
# Pyschology Modeling
purposely changing a behavior in order to improve your mindset and achieve your goals
31
# Psychology Schemas
* cognitive framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information * patterns of thinking and behavior that people use to interpret the world
32
# Psychology Primary Group
long term relationship/interaction | Ex) family and friends
33
# Psychology Secondary Group
short-term relationship/interaction | Ex) classmates and collegues
34
# Psychology In group
social groups to which an individual feels he or she belongs to
35
# Psychology Out-group
a group that one does not belong to or identify with
36
# Psychology Front Stage Self
encompasses the behavior a person performs in front of an audience, usually society | Ex) props, signs, give, give off
37
# Psychology Backstage Self
persons are together, but no audience is present ## Footnote ex) informal talk, relaxed role
38
# Psychology What psychoactive drug has the lowest risk of dependence?
Hallucinogens
39
# Sociology Racialization
When you ascribe racial identities to a group that doesn't agree with that label
40
# Psychology Social Loafing
* the fact that people are more productive alone than in a group * individuals are less critical and less creative in groups
41
# Psychology What are Piaget's Cognitive Development Stages?
1. sensorimotor 2. preoperational 3. concrete coperation 4. formal operational
42
# Psychology Piaget: Sensorimotor
* 0-2 years * coordination of senses with motor responses, sensory curosity about the world * object permenance developed
43
# Psychology Piagets: Preoperational
* 2-7 years * Symbolic thinking * use of proper syntax and grammar to express concepts * immagination and intuition * complex/abstract thought = difficult * conservation is developed
44
# Psychology Piagets: Concrete operational
* 7-11 years old * concepts attached to concrete situations * time, space, and quantity are understood and can be applied, but not as independent concepts
45
# Psychology Piagets: Formal Operational
* 11 years old and older * Theoretical, hypothetical, and counterfactual thinking * abstract logic and reasoning * strategy and planning become possible * concepts learned in one context can be applied to another
46
# Pyschology Thalamus
relay station for almost all information and goes ti the cortex
47
# Psychology Cerebellum
maintains balance, posture, coordination, and fine motor skills
48
# Psychology Amygdala
process emotions and fear learning
49
# Psychology Medulla oblongata
controls body's autonomic functions (heartbeat, breathing, digestion)
50
# Psychology Erikson's Pyschosocial Developement
1. Trust vs. Mistrust (0 -1 yrs) 2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (2- 3 yrs) 3. Initiative vs. Guilt (4 - 6 yrs) 4. Industry vs. Inferiority (7 - 12 yrs) 5. Identity vs Role Confusion (13 -18) 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (early 20s) 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (late 20s - late 50s) 8. Ego Identity vs. Despair (60+)
51
# Pyschology Freud's stages of development
1. oral stage (0 - 12 months) 2. anal stage (1 to 3 yrs) 3. phallic stage (3 to 6 yrs) 4. latency stage (7 -11 yrs) 5. genital stage ( puberty +)
52
# Pyschology oral stage
* mouth, chewing, sucking * weaning * fixation: obsessive eating, smoking or drinking (alcoholism)
53
anal stage
* anus * toillet training * fixation: obsession with cleanliness, sexual anxiety
54
phallic stage
* genitals (masturbation) * indentifying with gender role models (odipus/electa complex) * fixation: difficulty with intimate relationships
55
latency stage
* no sexual forces * social interaction * no fixation
56
genital
* genitals (sexual intimacy) * intimate relationships productivity * fixation: low sexual interest/ no previous fixation = normal sexual motiviation
57
# Psychology Hindsight bias
allows people to convinvce themselves after an event that they accurately predicted it before it happened
58
# Psychology Self-serving bias
when we attribute positive events and successes to our own chracter or actions but blame negative results to external factors unrealted to our character
59
# Pyschology Left hemisphere
* speech * abstract thinking
60
# Psychology Right hemisphere
* image processing * spatial thinking * music perception * emotion processing
61
# Psychology spreading activation
* short-term memory * people organize their knowledge of the world based on their personal experience
62
# Psychology emotional intelligence
the ability, capacity, or skill to percieve, assess, and manage the emotions of oneself, of others, and groups
63
# Psychology Social intelligence
* the ability to understand and manage men and women, boys, and girls * to act wisely in human relations
64
# Psychology escape learning
type of negative reinforcement in which one distances themselves once they are presented with an undesirable stimulus or performs a behavior to stop that stimulus once it begins to occur
65
# Sociology Structural Functionalism
macro theory that looks at how all strucutres or institutions in socitey work together
66
# Psychology internal locus of control
believe that one can control their own fate
67
# Sociology Hawthorne Effect
describes changes in research participants as a result of their awareness that they are being observed
68
# Sociology Self-fulfilling prophecy
individual's internalization of a lable that leads to a fulfullment of that label
69
# Sociology Impression managment
refers to individuals actively managing how they are percieved by others
70
# Sociology Thomas Theorem
if an individual believes something to be real, then it is real in its consequences
71
# Sociology Intergenerational Mobility
a child attains higher or lower status than their parents
72
# Sociology Intragenerational Mobility
change in social status over a single lifetime
73
# Sociology vertical mibility
movement of individuals or groups up or down from one socioeconomic level to another, often by changing jobs through marriage
74
# Sociology Horizontal mobility
the movement from one position to another within the same social level
75
# Sociology Exchange mobility
society is made up of classes that these classes maintain relatively static number of people

MCAT FL Reviews (5 decks)

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