AAMC FL2 Pysch/Soc Missed Concepts Flashcards
Pyschology
Fixed Ratio
reinforcement occurs after a fixed number of responses
Psychology
Variable Ratio
Reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses
Pyschology
Fixed Interval
An exact amount of time passes between each reinforcement
Psychology
Variable Interval
a varying amount of time passes between each reinforcement
Sociology
Conflict Theory
- competition among social groups, including generational conflict
- a way of studying society by focusing on inequality between different groups and sees social life as a competition and focuses on the distrubution of resources and power between these groups
Sociology
What factors are conflict theorist most likely to consider
generational status
political power
resource allocation
Sociology
Dependency Ratio
ratio of the number of economically dependent members of the population to the number of economically productive memebers
economically dependent = too youn or too old to work
economically productive = working-age population
Sociology
Life Course Theory
a research perspective in social epidemiology in which earlier life experiences are thought to affect later health outcomes
Sociology
Linguistic relativity hypothesis
human cognition is affected by language
the structure of a language influences the way its speakers conceptualize the world
Sociology
Source monitoring errors
type of memory error where a specific recollected experience is incorrectly determine to be the source of a memory
Pyschology
Conversion disorder
condition in which a persion experiences physical and sensory problems, such as paralysis, numbness, blindness, deafness or seizures, with no underlying neurological pathology
Ex) Devi from Never Have I Ever
Psychology
Retrograde Amnesia
amnesia where you can’t recall memories that were formed before the event that cause the amnesia
usually recent stored past memories
Pyschology
Dissociative Disorder
selectively forgetting distracting elements of his/her life
experiencing a disconnection and lack of continutiy between thoughts, memories, surroundings, actions, and identity
Pyschology
Classical Conditioning
behaviors are learned by connecting a neutral stimulus with a positive one
pavlov’s
Psychology
Operant Conditioning
changes in behavior due to past outcomes
a method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior
Psychology
Latent Learning
a form of learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt response
occurs without any obvious reinforcement of the behavior or associations that are learned
Psychology
Observational Learning
modeling or social learning occurs by observing, replicating behaviors seen in others
Sociology
Meritocracy
opportunity is based on a combination of talent and effort
Psychology
Socialization
process by which the new generation learns the knowledge, attitudes and values that they will need as productive citizens
agents: family, peers, religion, government, media, work, ethnic background, club/social groups, school
Sociology
Social Identity
self-categorization in relation to their group memberships
Social Identity
Cultural Capital
the values, knowledge, skills, and ideas that are valued in a given culture, society, or social group
Sociology
Absolute Poverty
being poor such that your basic needs are not met
Sociology
Relative Poverty
being poor compared to most people around you
Sociology
Marginal Poverty
a state that occurs when a person lacks a stable employment
Sociology
Structural poverty
results from problems in society that lead to a lack of opportunity and lack of jobs
Sociology
Socioeconomic gradient in health
- the graded relationship between social class and health
- each “step” up on the hierarchy of social stratification tends to be associated with better health
Pyschology
Fundamental Attribution Errors
- attributing other’s behaviors using internal characteristics as opposed to external factors
- stressing the importance of dispositional factors in one’s explanations of other people’s behavior and underemphasizing situational factors
Psychology
Interference
the blocking of learning or of memory retrieval by the learning or remebering of other conflicting materials
Pyschology
Dissonance
when a person’s behavior and beliefs do not compliment each other or when they hold two contradictory beliefs causing a feeling of discomfort that motivates people to try to feel better
Pyschology
Modeling
purposely changing a behavior in order to improve your mindset and achieve your goals
Psychology
Schemas
- cognitive framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information
- patterns of thinking and behavior that people use to interpret the world
Psychology
Primary Group
long term relationship/interaction
Ex) family and friends
Psychology
Secondary Group
short-term relationship/interaction
Ex) classmates and collegues
Psychology
In group
social groups to which an individual feels he or she belongs to
Psychology
Out-group
a group that one does not belong to or identify with
Psychology
Front Stage Self
encompasses the behavior a person performs in front of an audience, usually society
Ex) props, signs, give, give off
Psychology
Backstage Self
persons are together, but no audience is present
ex) informal talk, relaxed role
Psychology
What psychoactive drug has the lowest risk of dependence?
Hallucinogens
Sociology
Racialization
When you ascribe racial identities to a group that doesn’t agree with that label
Psychology
Social Loafing
- the fact that people are more productive alone than in a group
- individuals are less critical and less creative in groups
Psychology
What are Piaget’s Cognitive Development Stages?
- sensorimotor
- preoperational
- concrete coperation
- formal operational
Psychology
Piaget: Sensorimotor
- 0-2 years
- coordination of senses with motor responses, sensory curosity about the world
- object permenance developed
Psychology
Piagets: Preoperational
- 2-7 years
- Symbolic thinking
- use of proper syntax and grammar to express concepts
- immagination and intuition
- complex/abstract thought = difficult
- conservation is developed
Psychology
Piagets: Concrete operational
- 7-11 years old
- concepts attached to concrete situations
- time, space, and quantity are understood and can be applied, but not as independent concepts
Psychology
Piagets: Formal Operational
- 11 years old and older
- Theoretical, hypothetical, and counterfactual thinking
- abstract logic and reasoning
- strategy and planning become possible
- concepts learned in one context can be applied to another
Pyschology
Thalamus
relay station for almost all information and goes ti the cortex
Psychology
Cerebellum
maintains balance, posture, coordination, and fine motor skills
Psychology
Amygdala
process emotions and fear learning
Psychology
Medulla oblongata
controls body’s autonomic functions (heartbeat, breathing, digestion)
Psychology
Erikson’s Pyschosocial Developement
- Trust vs. Mistrust (0 -1 yrs)
- Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (2- 3 yrs)
- Initiative vs. Guilt (4 - 6 yrs)
- Industry vs. Inferiority (7 - 12 yrs)
- Identity vs Role Confusion (13 -18)
- Intimacy vs. Isolation (early 20s)
- Generativity vs. Stagnation (late 20s - late 50s)
- Ego Identity vs. Despair (60+)
Pyschology
Freud’s stages of development
- oral stage (0 - 12 months)
- anal stage (1 to 3 yrs)
- phallic stage (3 to 6 yrs)
- latency stage (7 -11 yrs)
- genital stage ( puberty +)
Pyschology
oral stage
- mouth, chewing, sucking
- weaning
- fixation: obsessive eating, smoking or drinking (alcoholism)
anal stage
- anus
- toillet training
- fixation: obsession with cleanliness, sexual anxiety
phallic stage
- genitals (masturbation)
- indentifying with gender role models (odipus/electa complex)
- fixation: difficulty with intimate relationships
latency stage
- no sexual forces
- social interaction
- no fixation
genital
- genitals (sexual intimacy)
- intimate relationships productivity
- fixation: low sexual interest/ no previous fixation = normal sexual motiviation
Psychology
Hindsight bias
allows people to convinvce themselves after an event that they accurately predicted it before it happened
Psychology
Self-serving bias
when we attribute positive events and successes to our own chracter or actions but blame negative results to external factors unrealted to our character
Pyschology
Left hemisphere
- speech
- abstract thinking
Psychology
Right hemisphere
- image processing
- spatial thinking
- music perception
- emotion processing
Psychology
spreading activation
- short-term memory
- people organize their knowledge of the world based on their personal experience
Psychology
emotional intelligence
the ability, capacity, or skill to percieve, assess, and manage the emotions of oneself, of others, and groups
Psychology
Social intelligence
- the ability to understand and manage men and women, boys, and girls
- to act wisely in human relations
Psychology
escape learning
type of negative reinforcement in which one distances themselves once they are presented with an undesirable stimulus or performs a behavior to stop that stimulus once it begins to occur
Sociology
Structural Functionalism
macro theory that looks at how all strucutres or institutions in socitey work together
Psychology
internal locus of control
believe that one can control their own fate
Sociology
Hawthorne Effect
describes changes in research participants as a result of their awareness that they are being observed
Sociology
Self-fulfilling prophecy
individual’s internalization of a lable that leads to a fulfullment of that label
Sociology
Impression managment
refers to individuals actively managing how they are percieved by others
Sociology
Thomas Theorem
if an individual believes something to be real, then it is real in its consequences
Sociology
Intergenerational Mobility
a child attains higher or lower status than their parents
Sociology
Intragenerational Mobility
change in social status over a single lifetime
Sociology
vertical mibility
movement of individuals or groups up or down from one socioeconomic level to another, often by changing jobs through marriage
Sociology
Horizontal mobility
the movement from one position to another within the same social level
Sociology
Exchange mobility
society is made up of classes that these classes maintain relatively static number of people
