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Hmm > AAC+-+07+-+Concept+2+Notes+-+Natural+Selection+PPT (1) > Flashcards

AAC+-+07+-+Concept+2+Notes+-+Natural+Selection+PPT (1) Flashcards

1
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The process of biological change in populations over

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2
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Evolution can occur on a small scale affecting a

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3
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Evolution on a large scale affecting changes in

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4
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Creationism

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5
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Catastrophism (Cuvier)

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6
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Gradualism (Hutton)

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7
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Struggle for Existence

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8
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Uniformitarianism (Lyell)

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9
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Inheritance of Acquired

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10
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Intelligent Design

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11
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English Naturalist

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12
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Went on a voyage to the

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13
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Saw that different species of

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14
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Developed his theory of

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15
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Natural Selection: organisms with the “best”

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16
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Lots of offspring and limited resources causes

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17
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Variation: differences in the physical traits of

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18
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Sources of Variation:

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19
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Adaptation: a feature that allows an

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20
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A change in gene frequency

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21
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Beneficial traits should

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22
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1

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Directional Selection:

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23
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had light-colored

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wings, but dark

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24
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moths started to appear.

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Because

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25
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survived, adding

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more genes for

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26
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Disruptive Selection: a

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27
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disadvantaged

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because

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28
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Stabilizing Selection:

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29
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For example: Human babies

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born

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30
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with below-normal

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and above-

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31
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1

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Two different colorations of a species of beetles

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32
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2

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Brightly colored fish mate more frequently than

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33
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3

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The average baby chick weighs ~45 grams when

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34
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Fossil evidence reveals that over time, the size of

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35
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Each allele has a frequency in a population’s

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36
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All frequencies can be calculated.

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37
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In a given population with only 2 versions of

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38
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In a population of wildflowers, the red allele is

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39
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Of the 500 total plants in the population, 20 are

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40
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1000 total (500 plants with 2 alleles each = 1000 total)

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41
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r = 20 + 20 + 160 = 200 alleles

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42
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R = 320 + 320 + 160 = 800 alleles

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43
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In a population

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44
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Of the 500 total

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45
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800/1000 = p = frequency of dominant “R” allele = 0.8

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46
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200/1000 = q = frequency of recessive “r” allele = 0.2

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47
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Check: p + q = 1 and 0.8 + 0.2 = 1

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48
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In a population of pea plants, the tall allele is

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49
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Of the 400 total plants in the population, 50 are

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50
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In a population of pea plants, the tall allele is

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51
Q

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Of the 400 total plants in the population, 50 are

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52
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In a population of pea plants, the tall allele is

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53
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Of the 400 total plants in the population, 50 are

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54
Q

Mechanisms

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of Microevolution

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55
Q

1

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Mutations

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56
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2

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Natural Selection

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57
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3

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Genetic Drift

58
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Gene Flow

59
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Non-random Mating (Sexual

60
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Mutation = any change in a DNA sequence.

61
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Natural selection = organisms more fit for their

62
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Genetic drift = random change in the frequency of

63
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Mechanisms

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of Microevolution

64
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Gene flow = movement of genes into/out of a

65
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Mechanisms

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of Microevolution

66
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The selection of traits that aren’t necessarily good

67
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Genetic equilibrium (Hardy-Weinberg

68
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Evolution

69
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Population is large.

70
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2

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Must be random mating.

71
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No migration.

72
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No mutations.

73
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5

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No natural selection.

74
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We already know that in all populations with only

75
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When a population is in HWE, we can use an

76
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Hardy-Weinberg

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Equilibrium

77
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p2 = genotypic frequency of homozygous

78
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2pq = genotypic frequency of

79
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q2 = genotypic frequency of homozygous

80
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Round heads are dominant to cone heads and 51%

81
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51% = 0.51 of the population

82
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This means the other 49% of the population

83
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0.49

84
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p2 is the frequency

85
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Hardy-Weinberg

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Equilibrium

86
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In turtles, red color is dominant to yellow color.

87
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In a population of 241 turtles, 34 are yellow.

88
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Assume the population is in Hardy-Weinberg

89
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In turtles, red color is dominant to yellow color.

90
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In a population of 241 turtles, 34 are yellow.

91
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Assume the population is in Hardy-Weinberg

92
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R = Red

93
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34/241= 0.14 = yellow phenotype

94
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√0.14=√q2

95
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q = 0.37

96
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p + q = 1, so 1 - .37 = 0.63

97
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Hardy-Weinberg

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Equilibrium

98
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In turtles, red color is dominant to yellow color.

99
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In a population of 241 turtles, 34 are yellow.

100
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Assume the population is in Hardy-Weinberg

101
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RR = p2 = (0.63)2 = 0.3969 = 39.69%

102
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Rr = 2pq = 2(0.63)(0.37) = 0.4662=

103
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rr = q2 = (0.37)2 = 0.1369 = 13.69%

104
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Hardy-Weinberg

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Equilibrium

105
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In turtles, red color is dominant to yellow color.

106
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In a population of 241 turtles, 85 are red.

107
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Assume the population is in Hardy-Weinberg

108
Q

Hardy-Weinberg

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Equilibrium

109
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In turtles, red color is dominant to yellow color.

110
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In a population of 241 turtles, 85 are red.

111
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Assume the population is in Hardy-Weinberg

112
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In turtles, red color is dominant to yellow color.

113
Q

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In a population of 241 turtles, 14 are rr, 200 are Rr,

114
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Note: Actual population

115
Q

Hardy-Weinberg

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Equilibrium

116
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In turtles, red color is dominant to yellow color.

117
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In a population of 241 turtles, 14 are rr, 200 are

118
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RR = 27/241 = 0.11 = 11% RR

119
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Rr = 200/241 = 0.83= 83% Rr

120
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rr = 14/241 = 0.06= 6% rr

121
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In turtles, red color is dominant to yellow color.

122
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In a population of 241 turtles, 14 are rr, 200 are

123
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R= red, r = yellow

124
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Gene pool = 482 total alleles (241 turtles

125
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R allele = 27 + 27 + 200 = 254

126
Q

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r allele = 14 + 14 + 200 = 228

127
Q

Hardy-Weinberg

A

Equilibrium

128
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A

In turtles, red color is dominant to yellow color.

129
Q

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In a population of 241 turtles, 14 are rr, 200 are Rr, and 27 are

130
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RR = p2 = .532 = .2809

131
Q

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Rr = 2pq = 2(.53)(.47) = .4982

132
Q

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rr = q2 = .472 = .2209

133
Q

frequencies.

A

Therefore, the population is evolving and the Rr genotype is

134
Q

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A

If the population is in HWE and you

135
Q

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A

Find frequency of homozygous recessive

136
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Take the square root to find q.

137
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Find p using p

138
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Use p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 to find other

139
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If you are trying to figure out if a population is

140
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First use the actual

141
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Once you have p and q, use p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 to

142
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If these genotype

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