AAAAAAAAAAAA Flashcards
What are the 4 properties of adaptive immunity?
Specificity, Versatility, Memory, Tolerance
What cells are APCs?
Dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells
What do MHC I and II do?
Present antigens for T cell recognition. MHC I = all cells; MHC II = APCs
CD8+ T cells recognize what?
Antigen with MHC I
CD4+ T cells recognize what?
Antigen with MHC II
What is the purpose of vaccines?
Induce artificial active immunity, produce memory cells
4 steps of external respiration?
Ventilation → Diffusion (lungs) → Transport → Diffusion (tissues)
What drives diffusion of gases?
Partial pressure gradients (Fick’s Law)
What is tidal ventilation?
Air flows in/out same path; mammals use this
Inhalation vs exhalation: active or passive?
Inhalation = active; Exhalation = passive (at rest)
What is the Bohr effect?
↓pH or ↑CO2 shifts Hb-O2 curve right → more O2 offloading
What is the Haldane effect?
Oxygen binding promotes CO2 release from Hb
How is CO2 transported in blood?
10% dissolved, 30% bound to Hb, 60% as bicarbonate
3 nephron processes?
Filtration, Reabsorption, Secretion
What is GFR?
Glomerular Filtration Rate – ~125 mL/min
Where is most reabsorption?
Proximal tubule (60–70%)
What is the countercurrent multiplier?
Loop of Henle creates medullary osmotic gradient
Hormones affecting kidneys?
ADH ↑ water reabsorption; Aldosterone ↑ Na+ reabsorption
What does ANP do?
Increases GFR, Na+ excretion, opposes RAAS
4 steps of assimilation?
Digestion, Absorption, Secretion, Motility
What are the main digestive enzymes?
Amylase (carbs), Protease (proteins), Lipase (fats), Nuclease (nucleic acids)
Stomach function?
Storage, mechanical/chemical breakdown, intrinsic factor
Main hormones: Gastrin, Secretin, CCK
Gastrin = ↑acid; Secretin = ↑bicarb, bile; CCK = ↑enzyme, bile release
Where is most absorption?
Small intestine (esp. jejunum)
