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1
Q
Skeletal System Functions
A
- Support
2.Protect
3.Movement
4.Storage - Blood cell production
2
Q
Always contains collagen,gorund substance,and other organic molecules as well as water and minerals
A
THE MATRIX
3
Q
Cartilage, tendons and ligaments of the skeletal system are
A
ALL CONNECTIVE TISSUES
4
Q
tough ropelike protein
A
collagen
5
Q
are large molecules consisting of many polysaccharides attaching to and encircling core proteins
A
PROTEOGLYCANS
6
Q
form large aggregates and attract water
A
Proteoglycans
7
Q
The extracellular matrix of cartilage contains
A
collagen and proteoglycans
8
Q
It makes the cartilage tough
A
Collagen
9
Q
It makes the cartilage smooth and resilient
A
water-filled proteoglycans
10
Q
It is rigid but it springs back to its original shape after being bent or slightly compressed
A
Cartilage
11
Q
It is an excellent shock absorber
A
Cartilage
12
Q
lend flexible strength to the bone
A
Ropelike collagen
13
Q
The extracellular matrix of it contains collagen and minerals, including calcium and phosphate
A
BONE
14
Q
It gives bone compression(weight bearing) strength
A
THE MINERAL COMPONENT
15
Q
Mostly in a form of calcium phosphate crystals called hydroxyapatite
A
Mineral in bone
16
Q
Calcium phosphate crystals are also called
A
hydroxyapatie
17
Q
4 bone shape classification
A
long
short
flat
irregular
18
Q
are longer than they are wide ; examples are upper and lower limb bones
A
LONG BONES
19
Q
are approximately as wide as they are long ; examples are the bones of the wrist and ankle.
A
SHORT BONES
20
Q
have a relatively thin, flattened shape ; examples are bones of the skull and sternum
A
FLAT BONES
21
Q
include the vertebrae and facial bones, which have shapes that do not fit readily into the other three categories
A
IRREGULAR BONES
22
Q
contains cavities such as the large medullary cavity in the diaphysis as well as smaller cavities in the epiphyses of long bones and in the interior of other bones
A
BONES
23
Q
These spaces are filled with soft tissues called
A
MARROW
24
Q
the location of blood forming cells
A
Red Marrow
25
It is mostly fat
Yellow marrow
26
In newborns most bones have blood making __________
Red bone marrow
27
In adults red marrow in the diaphysis is replaced by _________
Yellow bone marrow
28
In adults, it is mostly in the flat bones and the long bones of the femur and humerus
Red bone marrow
29
It is located at the epiphyses of long bones and center of other bones
Spongy Bone
30
It has trabeculae which are interconnecting rods and spaces that contain marrow
Spongy bone
31
Spongy bone has no _______
Osteons.
32
responsible for the formation of bone and the repair and remodeling of the bone
Osteoblasts
33
cells that maintain bone matrix and form from osteoblasts after bone matrix has surrounded it
Osteocytes
34
contribute to bone repair and remodeling by removing existing bone called bone reabsorption
Osteoclasts
35
is the formation of bone by osteoblasts
Ossification
36
Bone formation that occurs withing connective tissues membranes are called
Endochondral ossification
37
Both types of bone formation result in -------------
compact and spongy bone
38
occurs when osteoblasts begin to produce bone within connective tissues
Intramembranous ossification
39
It occurs primarily in the bones of the skull
Intramembranous ossification
40
Osteoblasts line up on the surface of connective tissue fibers and begin depositing bone matrix to form trabeculate
Intramembranous ossification
41
constantly remodeled and they may enlarge or be replaced by compact bone
Trabeculae
42
is bone formation within a cartilage model
Endochondral bone formation
43
The cartilage model is replaced by
bone
44
which is bone formation in the diaphysis of a long bone
Primary ossification center
45
bone formation in the epiphysis
Secondary ossification center
46
forms which is a fibrous network between 2 fragment
Callus
47
It causes bleeding and a blood clot forms
Broken Bone
48
Cartilage model forms first then, osteoblasts
enter the callus and form cancellous bone
this continues for
4-6 weeks after injury
49
slowly remodeled to form compact and cancellous bone
cancellous bone
50
Anatomical term
Foramen
example foramen magnum
Hole
51
Anatomical Term
Fossa
example glenoid fossa
Depression
52
Anatomical term
Process
example mastoid process
Projection
53
Anatomical Term
Condyle
example occipital condyle
Smooth , rounded end
54
Anatomical Term
Meatus
example external auditory meatus
canal like passageway
55
Anatomical Term
Tubercle
example greater tubercle
lump of bone
56
It is composed of the skulls , the vertebral column and the thoracic cage
Axial Skeleton
57
Has 22 bones divided into those of the braincase and those of the face
Skull
58
encloses the cranial cavity consists of 8 bones that immediately surround and protect the brain
braincase
59
has 14 facial bones
Bony Structure
60
rather solidly connected to form the bulk of the face
Thirteen of the facial bones
61
forms a freely movable joint with the rest of the skull
Mandible
62
Anterior part of cranium
Frontal Bone
63
sides and roof of cranium
Parietal bones
64
posterior portion and floor of cranium
Occipital bones
65
inferior to parietal bones on each side of the cranium
temporomandibular joint
Temporal Bones
66
forms part of cranium floor , lateral posterior portions of eye orbit, lateral portions of cranium anterior to temporal bones
Sella turcica
Sphenoid bone
67
anterior portion of cranium, including medial surface of eye orbit and roof of nasal cavity
nasal conchae
Ethmoid bone
68
form upper jaw anterior portion of hard palate, part of lateral walls of nasal cavity, floors of eye orbits
Maxillae
69
form posterior portion of hard palate, lateral wall of nasal cavity
Palatine Bones
70
cheek bones
also form floor and lateral wall of each eye orbot
Zygomatic bones
71
Medial surfaces of eye orbits
Lacrimal Bones
72
form bridge of nose
Nasal Bones
73
In midline of nasal cavity
forms nasal septum with the ethmoid bone
Vomer
74
attached to lateral walls of nasal cavity
Inferior Nasal conchae
75
Lower jawbone
only movable skull bone
mandible
76
is an unpaired, U-shaped bone
that is not part of the skull and has no direct bony
attachment to the skull or any other bones.
Hyoid Bone
77
has the unique distinction of
being the only bone in the body that does not
articulate with another bone.
hyoid bone
78
provides an attachment for some
tongue muscles, and it is an attachment point for
important neck muscles that elevate the larynx.
hyoid bone
79
is the central axis of the
skeleton, extending from the base of the skull to slightly
past the end of the pelvis.
Vertebral column or spine
80
in adults it usually consists of 26 individual bones grouped into five regions
spine
81
The adult vertebral column has four major curvatures:
cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacrococcygeal.
82
regions curves anteriorly
cervical region
83
region curves posteriorly
thoracic region
84
region that curves anteriorly
lumbar region
85
regions together curve posteriorly
Sacral and coccygeal
86
* 1st vertebra
* holds head
Atlas
87
2nd vertebra
* rotates head
Axis
88
how many cervical vertebra
7
89
how many thoracic vertebra
12
90
how many lumbar vertebra
5w
91
how many sacrum
1
92
how many coccyx
1
93
functions of vertebral column
Supports body weight
Protects the spinal cord
Allows spinal nerves to exit the spinal cord
Provides a site for muscle attachment
Provides movement of the head and trunk
94
Sternum
breastbone
95
It protects vital organs
12 pair of ribs
96
attach directly to sternum by cartilage
True ribs
97
attach indirectly to sternum by cartilage
false ribs
98
not attached to sternum
floating ribs
99
2 bones of the pectoral girdle
scapula and clavicle
100
scapula is ------
shoulder blade
101
clavicle is---
collar bone
102
what are the upper limb bones
humerus- upper limb
ulna- forearm
radius- forearm
carpals - wrist
metacarpals - hand
103
where lower limbs attach to the body
Pelvic Girdle
104
include pelvic girdle and coccyx
pelvis
105
inferior and posterior region
Ischium
106
most superior region
ilium
107
hip socket (joint)
acetabulum
108
Lower limb bones
femur- thigh
patella- knee cap
tibia- large lower leg
fibula - small lower leg
tarsals - ankle
metatarsals- foot
phalanges - toes and fingers
109
are where two bones come together
articulations (joints)
110
can be classified structurally as fibrous,
cartilaginous, or synovial, according to the major
connective tissue type that binds the bones
together and whether a fluid-filled joint capsule is
present.
joints
111
Joints are also be classified in functional categories
according to their degree of motion as ____
synarthroses, amphiarthroses, or diarthroses.
112
Structural Classification of Joints
it is united by fibrous connective tissues
FIBROUS JOINT
113
Structural Classification of joint
united by means of cartilage
cartilaginous
114
Structural classification of joints
joined by a fluid cavity
most joints of the appendicular skeleton
synovial
115
what are the subclasses of fibrous joint
sutures
syndesmosis
gomphoses
116
what are the subclasses of cartilaginous
synchondroses and symphysis
117
3 FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS
synarthrosis
amphiarthrosis
diarthrosis
118
* non-movable joint
* Example – skull bone articulations* non-movable joint
SYNARTHROSIS
119
* slightly movable joint
* Example - between vertebrae
AMPHIARTHROSIS
120
* freely movable joint
* Example - knee, elbow, and wrist articulations
DIARTHROSIS
121
TYPES OF MOVEMENT
bending
flexion
122
TYPES OF MOVEMENT
straightening
extension
123
TYPES OF MOVEMENT
movement away from midline
abduction
124
TYPES OF MOVEMENT
movement toward the midline
adduction
125
TYPES OF MOVEMENT
rotation of the forearm with palms down
pronation
126
TYPES OF MOVEMENT
rotation of the forearm with palms up
supination
127
TYPES OF MOVEMENT
movement of a structure about the long axis
rotation
128
3 EFFECTS OF AGING ON THE SKELETAAL SYSTEM AND JOINTS
1. Decreased Collagen Production
2. Loss of Bone Density
3. Degenerative Changes
