AA Civil Rights Flashcards
What are the 3 branches of activist leader?
Separatist-Garvey/MX/Huey Newton Bobby Seale
Accomodationist-Booker T./many others
Conventional (1960s)-MLK/Ella Baker/Randolph/Du Bois
What did Randolph add?
- Black involvement in unions (BSCPAM)
- Non-violent direct action-proposed 1941 march on washington
Why was Washington quality?
- Dark times after Plessy
- Support from T Roosevelt
- Focus on education
- Although accomodationism was scrutinised.
- Tuskegee Institution
Jesse Jackson?
- Legacy of King
- First in politics-Rainbow Nation etc.
Du Bois?
- Niagara Movement
- NAACP (1909)
- Disagreed with accomodationism-more direct but legal
What did separatism encompass?
- Black Pride
- Black Power
- Economic self help
- Pan-American identity
King’s Weaknesses?
- Southern Strategy failed in the North (Chicago 1966) causing riots
- Began to convert to separatism-“tired” speech
King’s Key successes?
- March on Birmingham 1963-helped by the volatile Bull Connor
- March on Washington 1963
- Founding of the SCLC in 1957
- SNCC formed with Ella Baker
Garvey?
- Invented Black Power essentially
- Jamaican Messiah not AA leader
- Talked with the KKK in the 1920s and fell into disrepute, damaging the movement
- Unsuccessful Back to Africa plan
Malcolm X?
- Loved in the North for his charismatic leadership
- Followed Garvey in supporting Black Power
- Eventually began to move towards King
Who was Stokely Carmichael?
-Became leader of SNCC and began to promote Black Power against King
Who were the key hinderers of the civil rights movement?
- Andrew Johnson
- Reagan
- Nixon
What did Johnson do?
-Returned land to plantation owners to benefit the economny as well as allowing the continuation of the Black Codes and Jim Crow-ingraining them into Southern society
What did Reagan do?
-Appointed fewer black judges than any President since Eisenhower, making FG more conservative once again
What did Nixon do?
- Affirmative action was positive
- He abandoned his initial sympathetic approach and marked the end off the 1960s movement
Who were the Apathetic Presidents and how did they hinder?
- Wilson, Harding, Coolidge, Hoover
- Ignored the question, allowing Southern Democrats to take full control of Congress
- T Roosevelt also did little, having his photograph taken with Washington but remaining non committal.
How did Lincoln help?
-Emancipation Proclamation 1863
Who were the Republican Minority and what did they do to help?
- Mention Sumner and Stevens
- Helped pass the 13th/14th/15th Amendments
- Died during Reconstruction leaving the civil rights question in the hands of Southern Democrats
What was the Thirteenth Amendment?
Freed all slaves (1865)
What was the Fourteenth Amendment?
Gave freed blacks US citizenship and protection under the law (1868)
What was the Fifteenth Amendment?
Forbade the denial of the right to vote for any man based on colour or race (1970)
How was Eisenhower a help?
- Brown Decision 1954
- Little Rock intervention 1957
- Grass roots activism-Montgomery Bus Boycott 1956 Rosa Parks etc.
- Favourable SC
- Browder v. Gayle 1956-outlawed bus segregation
Gaines???
- Gaines v. Canada 1938
- Separate but equal had to mean equal.
2 examples of more emergency politics help?
- Roosevelt’s 1941 Executive Order
- Truman’s Executive Order to Desegregate the army (1948)
