A.5 Flashcards

1
Q

State the height ranges for different categories of altitude

A

Near sea level: 0-500 meters

Low altitudes: 500-2000 meters

Moderate altitude: 2000-3000 meters

High altitude: 3000-5500 meters

Extreme altitude: 5500+ meters

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2
Q

Define hypoxia

A

The condition where oxygen supply to cells is insufficient

Or

Inadequate supply of oxygen to respiring tissue

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3
Q

Outline Altitude Training

A

This is training for endurance athletes at altitudes above 2,000 m for several weeks or months in order to gain a competitive advantage in low altitude competitions

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4
Q

Outline the effects of altitude on fluid balance

A

dehydration

Fluid loss is exacerbated

Altitude-induced diuresis (increased urine production) also occurs

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5
Q

Outline the physiological effects of altitude.

A

respiratory responses: such as hyperventilation

cardiovascular responses: elevated sub maximal heart rate

metabolic responses: production of energy and lactic acid via glycolysis may be limited

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6
Q

Name the three different approaches to altitude training

A

– live high, train high (LHTH)
– live high, train low (LHTL)
– live low, train high (LLTH)

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7
Q

What are the pros and cons of the Live High Train High approach

A

Pros:
Maximum exposure to altitude (stimulus is constant)
Stimulus on the body is constant
Cons:
Cannot train at a high intensity as at sea level
Takes a long time of acclimatize = no training

Research = Little support of training effects, less support among experts (some athletes show improved performance, some don’t)

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8
Q

What are the pros and cons of the Live High Train Low approach

A

Pros:
High time spent at altitude
Training at sea level can be very intense
Cons:
Have to live at altitude for at least 3 weeks

Research = Improvements in sea level performance have been shown in events lasting between 8 and 20 minutes

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9
Q

What are the pros and con of the Live Low Train High approach

A

Pros:
No altitude effects in daily life (no headache, no dehydration, no dizziness)
Cons:
Cannot train at a high intensity as at sea level so some athletes report that they have lost fitness

Research = Some findings suggest this can work, but nothing concrete.

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10
Q

Describe how to prevent high-altitude illness for athletes.

A
  • Screen for pre-existing medical conditions.
  • Promote hydration.
  • Ascend gradually.
  • Introduce participation in exercise gradually.
  • Use medication to prevent AMS, for example, acetazolamide (a respiratory stimulant)
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11
Q

What are the 3 altitude sicknesses

A

acute mountain sickness(AMS)

high-altitude pulmonary edema(HAPE)

high-altitude cerebral edema(HACE).

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS)

A
dizziness
headache
nausea or vomiting
shortness of breath
elevated heart rate.
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13
Q

What are the symptoms of high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE)

A
accumulation of fluid in the lungs results in shortness of breath
elevated heart rate 
coughing
wheezing while breathing 
bluish appearance to the skin.
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14
Q

What are the symptoms of high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE).

A

accumulation of fluid in the brain results in confusion
fever
photo-phobia
severe headaches
cessation of physical activities and eventually loss of consciousness.

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15
Q

Explain the adaptations resulting from altitude hypoxia

A

Blood adaptations (for example, increased number of red blood cells)

Muscle adaptations (for example, reduced lean body mass and increased capillary density in the muscles)

Cardio respiratory adaptations (for example, increase in pulmonary ventilation both at rest and during exercise, increased number of alveoli, increased capillary density at the lungs)

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