A4 - Energy & Metabolism Flashcards
What is Energy?
The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can only be changed or transformed from one form to another (you can’t get energy from nothing or make it disappear).
What are the 8 ways energy is stored?
- Kinetic - Movement (anything that is moving has kinetic energy)
- Thermal - Heat (energy is stored as heat)
- Gravitational potential - Any object above the ground has gravitational potential
- Elastic potential - Anything that stretch has elastic energy stored in it
- Chemical - Energy formed in any form of chemical. E.g. food, fuel, wood, coil, etc.
- Nuclear - Energy stored inside the nucleus of an atom. There are two types of nuclear (nuclear fusion and nuclear fission (split up)
- Electrostatic - Electrical energy
- Magnetic
What are the 4 ways to transfer energy?
- Electrically (via a circuit)
- Mechanically (by using forces)
- By heating
- By radiation (by waves)
How do we represent this energy?
We represent this energy by energy flow diagrams: Object (store) Transfer Object (store)
Identify the function of ribosomes.
Produces proteins/Translates DNA/genetic information from nucleus into making proteins
Identify the type of tissue where ciliated cells are found.
Simple epithelial tissue
Outline the role of the following in the cell:
Golgi apparatus
Store, modify and package proteins received from the endoplasmic reticulum and transport them to other parts of the cell
Outline the role of the following in the cell:
Centrioles
Give the new cell the right amount of DNA. Help cell division
What is energy needed for?
Energy is needed to build large molecules from
smaller molecules
What does Enzymes do?
Enzymes catalyse the joining together of amino acids. This happens in all cells.
One of the most important roles of enzymes is to aid in digestion. Digestion is the process of turning the food we eat into energy. For example, there are enzymes in our saliva, pancreas, intestines and stomach. They break down fats, proteins and carbohydrates. Enzymes use these nutrients for growth and cell repair.
What is enzymes?
Enzymes are proteins that help speed up metabolism, or the chemical reactions in our bodies. They build some substances and break others down. All living things have enzymes.
Our bodies naturally produce enzymes. But enzymes are also in manufactured products and food.
Enzymes are essential for digestion, liver function and much more. Too much or too little of a certain enzyme can cause health problems. Enzymes in our blood can also help healthcare providers check for injuries and diseases.
What does enzymes help with?
Enzymes also help with:
Breathing.
Building muscle.
Nerve function.
Ridding our bodies of toxins.
What are the different types of enzymes?
There are thousands of individual enzymes in the body. Each type of enzyme only has one job. For example, the enzyme sucrase breaks down a sugar called sucrose. Lactase breaks down lactose, a kind of sugar found in milk products.
How does energy contribute to movement?
Energy is needed to allow movement. Muscle cells contain lots of mitochondria (site of aerobic respiration) because muscle cells needs lots of energy to contract.
How does energy help keep you warm?
A lot of the energy from glucose has the important function of keeping an organism warm. This is especially important in warm blooded birds and mammals. This is why our body temperature is higher than that of the room.
What is aerobic respiration?
Aerobic respiration is a series of reactions that releases energy from glucose using oxygen. We do this normally
so do all other animals, and plants. It’s the reason we need to breathe in oxygen
Aerobic respiration can be summarized by this equation:
Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy (C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ =====> 6CO₂ + 6H₂O)
How is the energy from aerobic respiration used?
This energy is used: to drive the chemical reactions needed to keep organisms alive – the reactions to build complex carbohydrates , proteins and lipids from the products of photosynthesis in plants, and the products of digestion in animals, require energy.
What is anaerobic respiration?
Anaerobic respiration is a series of reactions that release energy without oxygen, producing lactic acid. If you’re exercising really hard, you body can’t create the amount of energy it needs quick enough. Instead of aerobic, it performs anaerobic. This skips a large chunk of the reactions, and means you get the energy quicker. However it does cause a build up of lactic acid, which causes muscle pain and stitches.
Anaerobic respiration can be summarized by this equation:
Glucose =====> Lactic Acid + (Energy)
Aerobic
Uses Oxygen
More Energy Released
Does not Produce lactic acid
Released Energy
Use Glucose
Occurs in animals & plants
Anaerobic
Does not use Oxygen
Less Energy released
Produces lactic acid in animals
Released Energy
Use Glucose
Occurs in animals & plants
What is metabolism?
Metabolism is the sum of all the reactions in the body
What are the different reactions that take place in the human body?
- Anaerobic respiration
- Aerobic respiration
- Breaking down proteins into amino acids (using enzymes)
- Breaking down fats (lipids) into fatty acids and glycerol (using enzymes)
What are Catabolic reactions?
Catabolic reactions are the breaking down of molecules into smaller units, releasing energy. It is also known as catabolism.
What are Anabolic reactions?
Anabolic reactions are the building up of complex molecules, using energy released from catabolic reactions. It is also known as anabolism.
What is Basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
“The rate at which energy is used/metabolism by someone at rest.”
Cells require energy for all living processes; even when the body appears to be totally inactive, energy is being used to pump blood around the body, breath, produce urine and digest food. This total amount of energy is called ‘basal metabolic rate’ and it varies with age, size and gender.
