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Biology > A3: Diversity of Organisms > Flashcards

A3: Diversity of Organisms Flashcards

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1
Q

Variation

A

Variation refers to differences between members of a group. Variation can be discrete or continuous.

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2
Q

Discrete Variation

A

Traits that can be put into distinct qualitative categories.

e.g. blood type

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3
Q

Continuous Variation

A

Traits that vary along a quantitative continuum. Most types of biological variation are continuous.

e.g. Height

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4
Q

Intraspecies variation

A

Variation within a species - is inheritable

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5
Q

Interspecies variation

A

Variation between species

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6
Q

Biological Species Concept

A

A species is a group of actually or potentially interbreeding populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups.

Looks at a combination of Morphology, habitat, and allele.

Championed by ornithologist Ernst Mayr (1942)

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7
Q

Binomial Nomenclature Benefits

A
  • Reflects evolutionary relationship between organisms
  • Enables scientists to talk to each other in the same language
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8
Q

Speciation

A

the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution.

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9
Q

Diploid Cells

A

Cells that have an even number of chromosomes (one of each parent)

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10
Q

Haploid gametes

A

cells for sexual reproduction have half the chromosome or one set of chromosomes.

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11
Q

Karyogram

A

Diagram or photograph of the chromosomes present in a nucleus arranged i homologous pairs of decreasing length.

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12
Q

Telomere DNA

A

DNA at the end of chromosomes that does not code for proteins.

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13
Q

Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS)

A

a research approach used to identify genomic variants that are statistically associated with a risk for a disease or a particular trait.

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14
Q

Single Nucleotide Polumorphism

A
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15
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Asexual reproduction occurs when a single parent passes on its full set of genes to offspring, resulting in genetically identical offspring.

Asexually reproducing organisms are classified into species based on appearance or biochemical similarities.

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16
Q

Horizontal Gene Transfer

A

The movement of DNA between individuals through mechanisms that are not the normal movement of DNA from parent to offspring.

E.g. bacteriophage

Horizontal gene transfer is frequent among bacteria. Horizontal gene transfer can occur in eukaryotes, however it appears to be less frequent.

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17
Q

Apomixis

A

Scientific name for cloning.

A huge number of genetically unique clones can be formed via apomixis, resulting in populations of related, but genetically isolated clones. Since there is no interbreeding between populations, each population is considered a separate species according to the Biological Species Concept

18
Q

Chromosome number as a species trait

A

Species tend to be able to mate if they have the same number of chromosomes.

E.g. Horses have 64 chromosomes while donkeys have 62 - Mules have 63 and can not reproduces as they can not be a homologous pair.

19
Q

Dichotomous Key

A

Tool used to identify a species based on observable traits.

If statement A is true go to step 3 e.g.

20
Q

Taxonomy

A

The branch of biology called taxonomy focuses on the classification of living things

21
Q

Benefits of Taxonomy

A
  1. Communication of biological information between scientists
  2. Predictions of characteristicsts
  3. Species in the same group probably share a common ancestor, indicating information about how species evolved.
22
Q

Characteristics that determine cladograms

A
  • Morphological homologies
  • Developmental patterns
  • Fossil records
  • Genetically determined behavioral traits
  • Molecular homologies
23
Q

Homologous

A

shared characteristics due to common ancestry (divergent evolution)

24
Q

Analogous

A

shared characteristics not due to common ancestry (convergent evolution)

25
Q

Genus

A

a group of similar and closely related species

26
Q

Morphological species concept

A

Species are groups of organisms with shared traits e.g. shape, color, and other distincitive features

27
Q

Benefits of morphological species concept

A
  • can be applied to asexual organisms
  • does not require any information on the extent of gene flow
  • can be applied to extinct and fossilized species
  • Easiest and fastest concept to apply in the field because it is based only on the appearance of the organism
28
Q

Disadvantages of morphological species concept

A
  • Relies on subjective criteria and researches may disagree on which structural features distinguish a species
  • Different individuals in a species may appear very different, such as males and females
29
Q

Centromere

A

Constriction of the chromosome

30
Q

Homozygous

A

Having two identical alleles of a gene

31
Q

Heterozygous

A

Having two different alleles of a gene

32
Q

Karyotype

A

The number and type of chromosomes present in an organism

33
Q

Three processes of genetic transfer/horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes

A

Transformation
Transduction
Conjugation

34
Q

Transformation (Gene transfer)

A

The alternation of a bacterial cell’s genotype by the uptake of naked DNA.

35
Q

Transduction (Gene transfer)

A

Occurs when a bacteriophage infects a bacterial cell and then transfers some of the cell’s DNA to another bacterium. An error in the phage lytic cycle.

36
Q

Conjugation (Gene transfer)

A

Involves a direct physical interaction between two bacterial cells and transfer of genetic material from a donor bacterium to a recipient bacterium.

37
Q

Kingdom

A

The largest and most inclusive group

38
Q

Phylum

A

organisms constructed on a similar plan

39
Q

Domain

A

Highest taxonomic rank - archaea, eubacteria, and eukarya.

40
Q

Genus

A

A group of similar and closely related species

41
Q

Species

A

A group of organisms capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring.

42
Q
A

Biology (11 decks)

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